- a. Germany, Austria Hungary, and the Ottomans
- b. Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Russia
- c. Spain, Portugal and Italy
- d. Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy
By the end of World War I the great imperial polities that were destroyed included the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the Ottoman Empire and the Russian Empire; the German imperial structure also collapsed and was replaced by the Weimar Republic. The textbook's options do not exactly match the historically complete set; note this when answering from the given choices.
Correct historical point: the Austro-Hungarian, Ottoman and Russian empires were shattered (the German Empire also collapsed). None of the provided options exactly lists that trio. Historically four empires collapsed: Ottoman, Austro-Hungarian, Russian and German.
- a. China
- b. Japan
- c. Korea
- d. Mongolia
Japan emerged as the strongest power in East Asia by the late 19th century after rapid modernization (Meiji Restoration) and victory in the Sino-Japanese War.
b
- a. Lenin
- b. Marx
- c. Sun Yat-sen
- d. Mao Tsetung
Vladimir Lenin wrote the pamphlet 'Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism' (1916).
a
- a. air warfare
- b. trench warfare
- c. submarine warfare
- d. ship warfare
The First Battle of the Marne (1914) stopped the German advance into France and led to the stalemate that produced extensive trench warfare on the Western Front.
b
- a. Britain
- b. France
- c. Dutch
- d. USA
The first Secretary-General of the League of Nations was Sir Eric Drummond of Britain.
a
- a. Germany
- b. Russia
- c. Italy
- d. France
The Soviet Union (referred to in the options as 'Russia') was expelled from the League of Nations in December 1939 after its attack on Finland (the Winter War).
b
- a. i) and ii) are correct
- b. i) and iii) are correct
- c. ii) and iii) are correct
- d. i), ii) and iii) are correct
All three statements are correct: the Ottoman (Turkish) Empire included many non-Turkish peoples in the Balkans; the Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers; Ottoman attempts against the Suez Canal were repulsed by the Allies.
d
- Left. 1. Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 2. Jingoism 3. Kemal Pasha 4. Emden 5. Hall of Mirrors
- Right. A. Versailles B. Russia with Germany C. Extreme/aggressive patriotism D. Turkey E. Madras
Using the chapter text: The Treaty of Brest‑Litovsk was the peace between Russia and Germany (signed March 1918) → Russia with Germany. 'Jingoism' is described as an extreme/aggressive form of patriotism → extreme/aggressive patriotism. Mustafa Kemal Pasha is associated with the rebirth/leadership of Turkey → Turkey. The German cruiser Emden bombarded Madras → Madras. The Versailles Treaty was signed in the Hall of Mirrors → Versailles.
1 → B
2 → C
3 → D
4 → E
5 → A
The First Sino-Japanese War began in 1894 when Japan forced war on Qing China; it ended with the Treaty of Shimonoseki (1895).
1894
After the Balkan Wars, the Treaty of London (May 1913) recognized an independent Albanian state and defined its borders.
Treaty of London (1913)
The Anglo-Japanese Alliance was signed in 1902 between Britain and Japan.
1902
Key points: showed effectiveness of Meiji reforms; weakened Qing rule; territorial and economic gains for Japan (Taiwan, indemnity); boosted Japanese prestige; changed regional power dynamics in East Asia.
The Sino-Japanese War (1894–95) marked Japan’s emergence as a modern military power and the decline of Qing China. It led to Japanese control of Taiwan, increased Japanese influence in Korea, unequal treaties favoring Japan (Treaty of Shimonoseki), and encouraged foreign powers to seek concessions in China — accelerating China’s disintegration and altering East Asian balance of power.
The Triple Entente was the agreement linking Britain, France and Russia before WWI; it later formed the core of the Allied Powers.
Great Britain (United Kingdom), France and Russia.
Militant nationalism in Europe took aggressive forms such as jingoism (belligerent nationalism), chauvinism (extreme patriotic bias), and pan-nationalist ideologies (like Pan-Germanism or Pan-Slavism) that sought territorial expansion or ethnic unification.
Jingoism, chauvinism and pan-nationalist movements (e.g., Pan-Germanism/Pan-Slavism).
Define trenches, describe features (front-line, support, reserve trenches), explain causes of stalemate (firepower vs. mobility) and mention living conditions and tactical consequences.
Trench warfare was a form of fighting in WWI where opposing armies dug extensive trenches facing each other separated by "no-man's land." It caused stalemate on the Western Front, featured machine-guns, artillery bombardments, barbed wire, poor sanitary conditions, frequent trench raids, high casualties and slow advances.
Summarise his military leadership in independence, political role in ending the Ottoman system, founding the republic, and implementing modernising secular reforms that transformed Turkish society.
Mustafa Kemal Pasha (Atatürk) led the Turkish War of Independence against partitioning of Ottoman lands, abolished the Sultanate (1922), negotiated the Treaty of Lausanne (1923), founded the Republic of Turkey (1923) and as its first president introduced sweeping reforms: secularisation, legal and educational reform, Latin script, dress and social reforms, and modernisation of the state.
State each cause briefly and explain its effect: absence reduced authority; lack of enforcement made treaties and resolutions unenforceable against aggressors.
Two causes: (1) Absence of key powers — the United States never joined and other major powers (Germany, Japan, Italy) later left or ignored the League; (2) Lack of enforcement mechanism — no permanent armed force and reliance on economic sanctions and unanimous decisions made decisive action ineffective.
At the Battle of Tannenberg (1914) the Russian army suffered heavy losses against the German forces.
Russia (the Russian army)
French Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau represented France at the Paris Peace Conference (1919).
Georges Clemenceau
The Locarno Treaties were signed in 1925, aiming to secure post–World War I territorial settlements in Western Europe.
1925
The OCR mixed columns. Using the chapter glossary and context: 'jingoism' is defined in the glossary as 'blind patriotism' (chauvinism). Mustafa Kemal Pasha was the leader of modern Turkey. Emden refers to the German cruiser SMS Emden. The Hall of Mirrors is the famous gallery in the Palace of Versailles (site of the Treaty of Versailles).
Repaired matches:
- Jingoism — blind patriotism / chauvinism
- Kemal Pasha — Turkey (Mustafa Kemal Pasha)
- Emden — Germany (German cruiser Emden)
- Hall of Mirrors — Versailles (Palace of Versailles, Hall of Mirrors)
Explain each cause briefly with its role: militarism (preparedness and mobilization plans), alliances (obligation to support allies), imperial rivalry (colonial conflicts and prestige), nationalism (irredentism and ethnic tensions), Balkan unrest, and the assassination as the trigger that sparked mobilizations and declarations of war.
Main causes of World War I:
- Militarism: Arms race (especially naval) and glorification of military power increased readiness for war.
- Alliances: Complex alliance systems (Triple Entente and Triple Alliance) turned regional conflicts into wider war.
- Imperialism: Competition for colonies and global dominance created tensions among great powers.
- Nationalism: Aggressive national pride and ethnic/nationalist movements (particularly in the Balkans) destabilized Europe.
- Balkan crises: The decline of the Ottoman Empire and the Balkan Wars created flashpoints and rival claims.
- Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand (28 June 1914): The immediate trigger that led Austria-Hungary to confront Serbia and activated alliance commitments.
Together these long-term tensions and the immediate catalyst produced a rapid escalation into a general European war.
List the Treaty clauses specifically affecting Germany: Article 231 (guilt), reparations obligations, territorial adjustments in Europe and overseas, military limitations and demilitarised zones, prohibition of union with Austria, and placement of colonies under League mandates. These terms aimed to weaken Germany politically, militarily and economically.
Major provisions: (1) War guilt clause (Article 231) — Germany accepted responsibility; (2) Reparations — heavy payments to Allies; (3) Territorial losses — Alsace-Lorraine to France, Eupen-Malmedy to Belgium, Northern Schleswig to Denmark, West Prussia and Posen to Poland (corridor to Baltic), Saar placed under League control, loss of colonies as League mandates, demilitarisation of the Rhineland; (4) Military restrictions — army limited (100,000 men), no conscription, no tanks, no heavy artillery, no military aircraft, no submarines; navy severely limited; (5) Political restrictions — Anschluss with Austria forbidden; (6) League of Nations — Germany initially excluded and held responsible for war.
Outline chronological events from the February Revolution to Bolshevik seizure of power, key policies enacted by Lenin (peace, land, nationalisation), consequences (civil war, treaty with Germany), and later economic adjustment (NEP) leading to consolidation of Bolshevik rule and creation of the USSR.
Key stages: (1) Background — 1917 February Revolution toppled the Tsar and set up a Provisional Government; (2) Lenin’s return (April 1917) and the April Theses — called for "All power to the Soviets", immediate peace, land to peasants; (3) Growing Bolshevik influence — Soviet support, strikes, and soldiers’ unrest; (4) October/November 1917 Bolshevik (October) Revolution — seizure of Petrograd, overthrow of Provisional Government; (5) Bolshevik decrees — Decree on Peace, Decree on Land, nationalisation of banks and industries; (6) Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (1918) — Russia exited WWI, ceding territory to Germany; (7) Civil War (1918–1921) — Reds (Bolsheviks) defeated Whites and foreign interventions; policies: War Communism during the war, Red Terror; (8) NEP (New Economic Policy) from 1921 — partial market reforms to revive economy; (9) Consolidation — Bolshevik control solidified and USSR formed (1922).
Balance accomplishments (humanitarian, legal, dispute arbitration, mandates oversight, health and labour initiatives) against limitations (no enforcement, unanimity requirement, key absences, inability to check aggression by revisionist powers), concluding that the League had meaningful peacetime/administrative impact but failed as a collective security guarantor.
The League achieved notable successes in humanitarian and technical work (refugee assistance, health campaigns, the Slavery Commission, the International Labour Organisation cooperation, and mandate supervision) and settled several minor disputes peacefully (e.g., Åland Islands, disputes between Finland and Sweden, and between Greece and Bulgaria). However, it failed to prevent major aggressions (Manchuria 1931, Abyssinia 1935), lacked an armed force and effective sanctions, and was weakened by the absence or withdrawal of major powers (notably the USA, Germany and Japan later). Overall, it had important humanitarian and dispute-resolution successes but strategic and enforcement failures undermined its role in preventing major wars.
On a world/Europe map, mark and label each country in its geographical location (Central/Western Europe for France, Germany, Austria-Hungary; Balkans for Serbia, Bosnia, Bulgaria, Greece, Romania; North Africa for Morocco; British Isles for Great Britain; Italy as the Mediterranean peninsula; Turkey straddling SE Europe and W Asia).
Label on map: 1. Great Britain – islands northwest Europe (UK). 2. Germany – central Europe. 3. France – west of Germany. 4. Italy – southern Europe, peninsula. 5. Morocco – northwest Africa. 6. Turkey – Anatolia/partly in SE Europe and W Asia. 7. Serbia – central Balkans. 8. Bosnia – western Balkans (Bosnia & Herzegovina). 9. Greece – southern Balkans. 10. Austria-Hungary – historic area covering modern Austria, Hungary and parts of CEE/Balkans. 11. Bulgaria – eastern Balkans. 12. Rumania (Romania) – northeast Balkans/SE Europe.