Samacheer Class 11 Bio Botany - Reproductive Morphology

Marginal:
It is with the plaentae along the marging of a unicarpellate ovary.
Example-Fabaceae.
Axile:
The placentae arises from the column in a compound ovary with septa.
Example-Hibiscus, tomato lemon
Superficial:
Ovules arise from the surfae of the septa.
Example: Nymphaeceae
Parietal:
It is the placentae on the ovary walls or upon intruding partitions of a unilocular, compound Ovary.
Example: Mustard, Argemone, cucumber.
Free-central:
It is with the placentae along the column in a compound ovary without septa.
Example: Caryophyllaceae, Dianthus, Primrose
Basal:
It is the placenta at the base of the ovary.
Example: Sunflower (asrteraceae) Marigold.

1. Base of another is attached to the tip of the filament
2. Dorsifixed
3. Grasses
4. Adnate
VI. Choose the wrong pair

* Thalamus
* Oily endosperm
* Perianth
* Fleshy juicy mesocarp
* Epi, meso, and endocarp i.e (pericarp)
* Juicy hairs
* Testa of seed
XI. Read the following Assertion and Reason & Find the correct answer.

Pomology
b) lkebana is an act of ……….
Flower arrangement
c) The botanical name of Saffron flower ……………
Crocus Sativum
d) The flower grows once in 12 years …………
Kurinji (Strobilanthus kunthranus)
e) World’s largest fruit is …………………
Lodoicea maldivica
f) King Herod’s palace, near dead sea, scientist have got a seed viable for …………. years
20,000 years
g) The longest and largest inflorescence of any flowering plant is ………………
Corypha umbraculifera (cudai palm)
h) The largest single flower is known sofae is ………………
Rafflesia arnoldi
Give very short answers – 2 Marks

Characters
Racemose
Cymose
1. Main axis
Unlimited growth
Limited growth
2. Arrangement of flowers
Acropetal succession
Basipetal succession
3. Opening
Centripetal
Centrifugal
4. Oldest flower
At the base
At the top

Monoecious
Dioecious
Polygamous
a.One house i.e male and female flowers present in the same flower. E.g. Coconut
Two house i.e male and and female flowers present on separate plants
E.g. Papaya
Here male flowers(staminate) female flowers (pistillate) & bisexual flowers occur in a single plant E.g. Mangifera

Bract
Bracteole
* Bract is that scale-like or structure leaf-like from which arises a flower
* The presence of bract can be denoted as Bracteate its absence known as a bracteole
* It is the scale-like or leaf-like structures seen on the pedicel of the flower just above the Bract.
* The presence of bracteole in a flower is known as Bractolate, if it is absent it is known as Bracteolate

The significance of fruits:
* Edible part of the fruit is a source of food, energy for animals.
* They are source of many chemicals like sugar, pectin, organic acids, vitamins and minerals.
* The fruit protects the seeds from unfavourable climatic conditions and animals.
* Both fleshy and dry fruits help in the dispersal of seeds to distant places.
* In certain cases, fruit may provide nutrition to the developing seedling.
* Fruits provide source of medicine to humans.

Posterior side
Anterior side
The side of the flower facing the mother axis is called the Posterior side.
It is also known the part towards the plan
The side of the flower facing away from the mother axis is called the anterior side.
It is the part away from the plant.

Superior Ovary
Inferior Ovary
It is the attachment of ovary relative to other floral parts – if the ovary with sepals, petals and stamens attached at the base of the ovary, e.g Hibiscus, Mangifera
If in the ovary the sepals petals and stamens attached at the base of the ovary it is called Inferior.
e.g Ixora or Musa.

* Aestivation: Arrangement of sepals and petals in the flowers bud.
* Types: There are 5 types
* Valvate: Margins of sepals and petals do not overlap but touch each other.
Eg. Calyx — malvaceac inem bers.
* Twisted or convolute or contorted: One margin of each petal or sepal overlapping on
the other petal – Eg. Corolla of Malvaceae (china i-ose)
* Imbricate: Sepals\ Petalsepals petaals – overlap irregularly one member of the whorl-
exterior another interior other three one margin exterior other interior
3 types
* Ascending-imbricate Eg. Cassia,
*. Descendingly-imbricate (vexillary aestivation) Eg. Clihoria,
*. Quincuncial- Eg. Guava

Cyathium
Coenanthium
A single female flower surrounded by many male flowers enclosed by a common involucre Flowers are naked-Aclamydeous Extrafloral nectary is present in involucre E.g. Euphorbia
Circular disc-like fleshy open receptacle bearing many pistillate or female flowers at the center surrounded by many male or staminate flowers at the periphery. Eg. Dorsenia

Marginal:
It is with the plaentae along the marging of a unicarpellate ovary.
Example-Fabaceae.
Axile:
The placentae arises from the column in a compound ovary with septa.
Example-Hibiscus, tomato lemon
Superficial:
Ovules arise from the surfae of the septa.
Example: Nymphaeceae
Parietal:
It is the placentae on the ovary walls or upon intruding partitions of a unilocular, compound Ovary.
Example: Mustard, Argemone, cucumber.
Free-central:
It is with the placentae along the column in a compound ovary without septa.
Example: Caryophyllaceae, Dianthus, Primrose
Basal:
It is the placenta at the base of the ovary.
Example: Sunflower (Asteraceae) Marigold.

Homogamous Head
Heterogamous Head
Only one kind of florets 2 Types Has only tongue florets- E.g. Launaea Has only tube florets – E.g. Vernorua
It has 2 types of florets -Tongue of ray, Tube of Disc Tongue florets seen towards the periphery, and Tube florets located at the centre of the inflorescence E.g. Helianths & Tridax

Male flower // Femle flower
Male flower of Cocos nucifera.
Male flower – Unisexual male Actinomorphic Bracteate, Bracteolate Incomplete
Perianth – 6 tepals – outer 3 and inner 3 two whorlsimbricate – apophyllous
Androecium – 6 stamens – outer 3 and inner 3 – free anther dithecous
Gynoecium – Absent – pistillode present
Female Flower – Unisexual female Actinomorphic Bracteole, ebracteolate, incomplete
Perianth – 6 tepals outer 3 -inner 3 outer valvate, inner imbricate apophyllous
Androecium – Absent staminode tricarpellary
Gynoecium – Ovary superior – tricarpellary trilocular syncarpous- ovules-Axile Placentation.

The ovary can be divided into 3 types on this basis
Superior Ovary: (Flower Hypogynous)
It is the ovary with sepals, petals and stamens attached at the base of the ovary.
In feriror ovary: (Flower Epigynous)
It is the ovary with sepals, petals and stamens attached at the apex of the ovary.
Half inferior ovary: (Flower Perigynous) It is the ovary with sepals petals and stamens or hypanthium attached near the middle of the ovary

Apocarpous
Syncarpous
A pistil containing two or more distinct carpels is known as apocarpous condition e.g Annona
A pistil containing two or more carpels which write or cannot-it is known as a syncarpous condition, e.g citus, tomato

Anthophore
Androphore
Gynophore
Gynandrophore
The intermodal elongation between calyx and corolla E.g. Silene conoidea
The internal elongation between coralla and Aroecium E.g. Grewia
The internal elongation between Androecium and cynoecium E.g. Capparis
The unified internal elongation between corolla and Androecium as well as between Androecium and gynoecium E.g gynandropsis

Carpel
Locule
Components of gynoecium usually made of one or more carples they may be distinct or cannot Usually no. of carpel equals the no.of locule
The walls of the ovary and (crosswall of ovary from a cavity called lcoule Usually no.of locules equals the no of carples exception Bicarpellary unilocular condition in Asteraceae

Type of fruit
Nature of ovary
Special aspects
Example
1.
Achene
Monocarpellary superior ovary Apocarpous
Apocarpous Fruit wall pericarp is free from seed coat.
Clematis strawberry
2.
Cypsela
Bicarpellary inferior ovary syncarpous
Reduced scales Hairy or feathery – calyx lobes-Pappus
Tridax helianthus
3.
Caryopsis
Monocarpellary superior ovary
Fruit wall inseparably fused with seed
Oryza triticum
4.
Nut
Multicarpellary syncarpous superior ovary
Hard woody bony pericarp
Anacardium
5.
Samara
Monocarpellary superior ovary
Pericarp (ovary wall) Develop into then wing-like structure – help in fruit dispersal
Pterocarpus
6.
Utricle
Bicarpellary unilocular syncarpous superior ovary
Pericarp loosely encloses the seed.
Chenopodium.

This fruit type of intermediate between dehiscent and indehiscent fruit. The fruit instead of dehiscing rather splits into a number of segments, each containing one or more seeds. They are of the following types:
* Cremocarp: Fruit develops from bicarpellary, syncarpous, inferior ovary and splitting into two one-seeded segments known as mericarps. e.g., Coriander and Carrot.
* Carcerulus: Fruit develops from bicarpellary, syncarpous, superior ovary and splitting into four one-seeded segments known as nutlets, e.g., Leucas, Ocimum and Abutilon.
* Lomentum: The fruit is derived from monocarpellary, unilocular ovary. A leguminous fruit, constricted between the seeds to form a number of one seeded compartments that separate at maturity, e.g., Desmodium, Arachis and Mimosa.
* Regma: They develop from tricarpellary, syncarpous, superior, trilocular ovary and splits into one-seeded cocci which remain attached to carpophore, e.g., Ricinus and Geranium.

Achene
Caryopsis
Indehiscent one-seeded fruit Develop from monocarpellary ovary Pericarp hard leathery-remain free from seed coat E.g. Clematis
Indehiscent one-seeded fruit Develop from monocarpellary ovary Pericarp fused with seed coat E.g. Paddy

The anthers based on their mode of attachment:
* Basifixed: (Innate) Base of anther is attached to the tip of filament, e.g., Brassica, Datura
* Dorsifixed: Apex of filament is attached to the dorsal side of the anther, e.g. Citrus, Hibiscus
* Versatile: Filament is attached to the anther at midpoint, e.g., Grasses
* Adnate: Filament is continued from the base to the apex of anther, e.g. Verbena, Ranunculus, Nelumbo.
Essay Questions – 5 Marks

Dicot
Monocot
Two cotyledons occur Usually cotyledons store food and become thick and fleshy nourishes seedling during early development E.g.Pea
Only one cotyledon occur The endosperm persistent and nourishes the seedling during early development E.g. Castor

Albuminous seed
Non Albuminous seed
The cotyledons are then membranous and mature seeds have endosperm persistent and nourishes the seedling during its early development. Eg. Castor, Sunflower
Food is stored in cotyledons and mature seeds are without endosperm.
Eg. Pea, Groundnut
Give Short Answers – 3 Marks