II. Prosthetic groups:
Eg. Vit B 2 (Riboflavin) – & Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) Kreb’s cycle
III. Co- Enzymes:
These are co-factors but don’t remain attached to enzymes Eg. NAD, NADP, Co-enzyme A, ATP etc.
II. Prosthetic groups:
Eg. Vit B 2 (Riboflavin) – & Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) Kreb’s cycle
III. Co- Enzymes:
These are co-factors but don’t remain attached to enzymes Eg. NAD, NADP, Co-enzyme A, ATP etc.
c. Adenine
c. Adenine
d) Amino acid – Here a basic structure of carbon linked to a basic amino group
III. Match The Following And Find The Correct Answer.
d) Amino acid – Here a basic structure of carbon linked to a basic amino group
III. Match The Following And Find The Correct Answer.
Polysaccharides have more than 10 monosaccharides
They can be divided in to
* Homopolysaccharides
* Hetero polysaccharides
1. Homopolysaccharides
2. Heteropolysaccharides
a. Starch
a. Peptidoglycan
b. Glycogen
b. Hyaluronic acid
c. Cellulose
c. chondroitin
d. Chitin
d. keratan sulphate
e. Inulin
e. Agar Agar
Polysaccharides have more than 10 monosaccharides
They can be divided in to
* Homopolysaccharides
* Hetero polysaccharides
1. Homopolysaccharides
2. Heteropolysaccharides
a. Starch
a. Peptidoglycan
b. Glycogen
b. Hyaluronic acid
c. Cellulose
c. chondroitin
d. Chitin
d. keratan sulphate
e. Inulin
e. Agar Agar
Aldoses and ketoses are reducing sugars. This means that, when heated with an alkaline solution of copper (II) sulphate (a blue solution called Benedict’s solution), the aldehyde or ketone group reduces Cu 2+ ions to Cu + ions forming brick red precipitate of copper (I) oxide. In the process, the aldehyde or ketone group is oxidised to a carboxyl group (-COOH).
This reaction is used as test for reducing sugar and is known as Benedict’s test. The results of Benedict’s test depends on concentration of the sugar. If there is no reducing sugar it remains blue. Sucrose is not a reducing sugar The greater the concentration of reducing sugar, the more is the precipitate formed and greater is the colour change.
Aldoses and ketoses are reducing sugars. This means that, when heated with an alkaline solution of copper (II) sulphate (a blue solution called Benedict’s solution), the aldehyde or ketone group reduces Cu 2+ ions to Cu + ions forming brick red precipitate of copper (I) oxide. In the process, the aldehyde or ketone group is oxidised to a carboxyl group (-COOH).
This reaction is used as test for reducing sugar and is known as Benedict’s test. The results of Benedict’s test depends on concentration of the sugar. If there is no reducing sugar it remains blue. Sucrose is not a reducing sugar The greater the concentration of reducing sugar, the more is the precipitate formed and greater is the colour change.
Glucose and Fructose have a same molecular formula, C 6 H 12 0 6 but different structural formulas- so they are known as Isomers.
Glucose and Fructose have a same molecular formula, C 6 H 12 0 6 but different structural formulas- so they are known as Isomers.
Exposure to heat causes atoms to vibrate violently distrust hydrogen and ionic bonds. There is the loss of 3D structure protein become elongated, disorganised strands. Soaps, detergents, acid, alcohol and some disinfectants disrupt the interchain bond cause the molecule to be non-functional.
Exposure to heat causes atoms to vibrate violently distrust hydrogen and ionic bonds. There is the loss of 3D structure protein become elongated, disorganised strands. Soaps, detergents, acid, alcohol and some disinfectants disrupt the interchain bond cause the molecule to be non-functional.
Other Polysaccharides
Structure
Functions
Inulin
Polymer of fructose
It is not metabolised in the human body and is readily filtered through the kidney
Hyaluronic acid
Hcteropolymcr of d glucuronic acid and D-N acetyl glucosamine
11 accounts for the toughness and flexibility of cartilage and tendon
Agar
Mucopolysaccharide from red algae
Used as solidifying agent in culture medium in laboratory
Heparin
Glycosamino glycan contains variably sulphated disaccharide unit Drcscnt in liver
Used as an anticoagulant
Chondroitin sulphate
Sulphated glycosaminoglycan composed of altering sugars (N-acetylglucosamine and glucuronic acid
Dietary supplement for treatment of osteoarthritis
Kcratan sulphate
Sulphated glycosaminoglycan and is a structural carbohydrate
Acts as cushion to absorb mechanical shock
Other Polysaccharides
Structure
Functions
Inulin
Polymer of fructose
It is not metabolised in the human body and is readily filtered through the kidney
Hyaluronic acid
Hcteropolymcr of d glucuronic acid and D-N acetyl glucosamine
11 accounts for the toughness and flexibility of cartilage and tendon
Agar
Mucopolysaccharide from red algae
Used as solidifying agent in culture medium in laboratory
Heparin
Glycosamino glycan contains variably sulphated disaccharide unit Drcscnt in liver
Used as an anticoagulant
Chondroitin sulphate
Sulphated glycosaminoglycan composed of altering sugars (N-acetylglucosamine and glucuronic acid
Dietary supplement for treatment of osteoarthritis
Kcratan sulphate
Sulphated glycosaminoglycan and is a structural carbohydrate
Acts as cushion to absorb mechanical shock
II. a. Extracellular enzymes
Enzymes secreted outside & work externally Eg digestive enzymes. b. Intracellular Enzymes
Remain within cells & work there Eg Insulin.
II. a. Extracellular enzymes
Enzymes secreted outside & work externally Eg digestive enzymes. b. Intracellular Enzymes
Remain within cells & work there Eg Insulin.
Waxes
Steroids
Esters formed between long-chain alcohol and saturated fatty acids
Fur feathers, fruits, leaves, skin, and insect exoskeleton are waterproofed with a coating of wax.
Complex compounds found in cell membrane & animal hormones. Eg – Cholesterol
It reinforces the structure of the life cell membrane in animal cells also in Mycoplasma.
Waxes
Steroids
Esters formed between long-chain alcohol and saturated fatty acids
Fur feathers, fruits, leaves, skin, and insect exoskeleton are waterproofed with a coating of wax.
Complex compounds found in cell membrane & animal hormones. Eg – Cholesterol
It reinforces the structure of the life cell membrane in animal cells also in Mycoplasma.
The non-polar aliphatic R group has 6 amino acids Glycine, Alanine, Valine, Leucine, Methionine & Isoleucine.
Structure of Glvcine Alanine Valine
The non-polar aliphatic R group has 6 amino acids Glycine, Alanine, Valine, Leucine, Methionine & Isoleucine.
Structure of Glvcine Alanine Valine
Macronutrients:
* Nutrients required in larger quantities for plant growth are called Macronutrients.
* e.g. Potassium and Calcium
Micronutrients:
* Nutrients required in trace amount for plant growth are called Micronutrients
* e.g. Zinc and Bora
Macronutrients:
* Nutrients required in larger quantities for plant growth are called Macronutrients.
* e.g. Potassium and Calcium
Micronutrients:
* Nutrients required in trace amount for plant growth are called Micronutrients
* e.g. Zinc and Bora
- The minimum quantity of energy the reactants must possess in order to undergo a specified reaction is known as Activation energy.
- Energy being the biocatalysts reduce the activation energy, thereby help the reaction occurs.
- The rate of reaction increases if activation energy decreases.
- The minimum quantity of energy the reactants must possess in order to undergo a specified reaction is known as Activation energy.
- Energy being the biocatalysts reduce the activation energy, thereby help the reaction occurs.
- The rate of reaction increases if activation energy decreases.
DNA
RNA
Double-stranded
Single-stranded
The genetic material in almost all living
organism except for RNA virus
Not genetic material except RNA virus
2 types
Prokaryotic DNA is circular
Eukaryotic DNA is linear
3 types
m RNA
t RNA
r RNA
Controls all aspects of a cell
plays important role in protein synthesis
DNA
RNA
Double-stranded
Single-stranded
The genetic material in almost all living
organism except for RNA virus
Not genetic material except RNA virus
2 types
Prokaryotic DNA is circular
Eukaryotic DNA is linear
3 types
m RNA
t RNA
r RNA
Controls all aspects of a cell
plays important role in protein synthesis
Between Primary metabolite & Secondary metabolite:
* Primary metabolites are those that are required for the basic metabolic processes like photosynthesis, respiration, etc Example: Lipase, a protein.
* Secondary metabolites do not show any direct function in growth and development of organisms. Example: Ricin, gums.
Between Primary metabolite & Secondary metabolite:
* Primary metabolites are those that are required for the basic metabolic processes like photosynthesis, respiration, etc Example: Lipase, a protein.
* Secondary metabolites do not show any direct function in growth and development of organisms. Example: Ricin, gums.
Secondary metabolites:
* Pigments – Carotenoids/Anthocyanins
* Alkaloids – Morphine, codeine
* Essential oil – Lemongrass oil, Rose oil
* Toxins – Abrin & ricin
* Lectins – Concanavalin. A
* Drugs – Vinbiastine, curcumin
* Polymeric substances – Rubber, gums, cellulose
Secondary metabolites:
* Pigments – Carotenoids/Anthocyanins
* Alkaloids – Morphine, codeine
* Essential oil – Lemongrass oil, Rose oil
* Toxins – Abrin & ricin
* Lectins – Concanavalin. A
* Drugs – Vinbiastine, curcumin
* Polymeric substances – Rubber, gums, cellulose
Substrate
Reagent
Result
1. Glucose is taken in a test tube (Aldehyde)
An alkaline solution of copper di sulfate (Benedicts’ reagent) added & heated
So brick-red precipitate of copper oxide is formed (i.e.) (Cu + is reduced to Cu + ) Aldehyde is oxidised to COOH group.
Substrate
Reagent
Result
1. Glucose is taken in a test tube (Aldehyde)
An alkaline solution of copper di sulfate (Benedicts’ reagent) added & heated
So brick-red precipitate of copper oxide is formed (i.e.) (Cu + is reduced to Cu + ) Aldehyde is oxidised to COOH group.
3 Marks
3 Marks
Human hair is made of protein. The more the distance between the sulphur atoms, the more the proteins bend; the more the hair curls.
Human hair is made of protein. The more the distance between the sulphur atoms, the more the proteins bend; the more the hair curls.
Carbohydrates are hydrates of carbon Deoxy ribose is a carbohydrate, but its formula C 5 H 10 O 4 -does not apply the general formula of Carbohydrate (C 2 H 20 )X formula has Carbohydrates formula.
5 Marks Questions
Carbohydrates are hydrates of carbon Deoxy ribose is a carbohydrate, but its formula C 5 H 10 O 4 -does not apply the general formula of Carbohydrate (C 2 H 20 )X formula has Carbohydrates formula.
5 Marks Questions
Enzyme
Source
Application
Bacterial protease
Bacillus
Biological detergents
Bacterial glucose isomerase
Bacillus
Fructose- Syrup manufacture
Fungal lactose
Kluyveromyces
Breaking down of lactose
glucose + glactose
Amylases
Aspergillus
Removal of starch in woven cloth production
Enzyme
Source
Application
Bacterial protease
Bacillus
Biological detergents
Bacterial glucose isomerase
Bacillus
Fructose- Syrup manufacture
Fungal lactose
Kluyveromyces
Breaking down of lactose
glucose + glactose
Amylases
Aspergillus
Removal of starch in woven cloth production
The properties of Enzyme:
* Enzymes are globular proteins.
* They act as catalysts and effective even in small quantities.
* They remain unchanged at the end of the reaction.
* They are highly specific.
* They have an active site where the reaction takes place.
* Enzymes lower the activation energy of the reaction they catalyse.
The properties of Enzyme:
* Enzymes are globular proteins.
* They act as catalysts and effective even in small quantities.
* They remain unchanged at the end of the reaction.
* They are highly specific.
* They have an active site where the reaction takes place.
* Enzymes lower the activation energy of the reaction they catalyse.
The substrate Enzyme product
The substrate binds to a specific pocket in an enzyme known as the Active site.
Active site = Lock
Substrate = Key
* The substrate binds to the active site of the enzyme
* As enzyme and substrate form ES- Complex, the substrate is raised in Energy —
* This was explained by Fischer
* transition stage break down in to, products, Enzyme remain unchanged.
The substrate Enzyme product
The substrate binds to a specific pocket in an enzyme known as the Active site.
Active site = Lock
Substrate = Key
* The substrate binds to the active site of the enzyme
* As enzyme and substrate form ES- Complex, the substrate is raised in Energy —
* This was explained by Fischer
* transition stage break down in to, products, Enzyme remain unchanged.
Definition:
Substances present in the cells may react with enzyme and lower the rate of reactions Inhibitors
I. Competitive Inhibitors:
Substances resemble the shape of substrate & compete to occupy active sites
Eg. 1. Enzyme RUBISCO – is competitively inhibited by oxygen/carbon dioxide in the chloroplast
2. Succinic dehydrogenase – Inhibited by malonate.
II. Non-Competitive Inhibitors
Unlike substrates, blocks by binding on active sites, change its shape so enzyme unable to accept substrate.
Enzyme – pyruvate kinase- inhibited by amino acid Alanine.
III. Non-reversible/ Irreversible Inhibitors
They bind to an enzyme tightly & permanently destroying their catalytic nature Enzyme cytochrome oxidase inhibited by cyanide ions Neurotransmitter – blocked by nerve gas sarin.
Definition:
Substances present in the cells may react with enzyme and lower the rate of reactions Inhibitors
I. Competitive Inhibitors:
Substances resemble the shape of substrate & compete to occupy active sites
Eg. 1. Enzyme RUBISCO – is competitively inhibited by oxygen/carbon dioxide in the chloroplast
2. Succinic dehydrogenase – Inhibited by malonate.
II. Non-Competitive Inhibitors
Unlike substrates, blocks by binding on active sites, change its shape so enzyme unable to accept substrate.
Enzyme – pyruvate kinase- inhibited by amino acid Alanine.
III. Non-reversible/ Irreversible Inhibitors
They bind to an enzyme tightly & permanently destroying their catalytic nature Enzyme cytochrome oxidase inhibited by cyanide ions Neurotransmitter – blocked by nerve gas sarin.
(a) B – A – D – C
(a) B – A – D – C
(b) C-D-B-A
(b) C-D-B-A
(b) D-A-B-C
(b) D-A-B-C
(c) C – A – D – B
(c) C – A – D – B
(c) C-B-D-A
IV. Find Out The True And False Statements From The Following And That Basis Find Out The Right Answer.
(c) C-B-D-A
IV. Find Out The True And False Statements From The Following And That Basis Find Out The Right Answer.
Feedback Allosteric Inhibition
Negative feedback Inhibition
Allosteric inhibitors modify enzyme active sites (reversible)
E.g. Glucose Hexokinase G-6 Phosphate
G.6. Phosphate – Inhibit Hexokinase
When end products accumulate they cause negative feedback or end product inhibition
After products get used up the enzyme reaction is switched on once again.
Feedback Allosteric Inhibition
Negative feedback Inhibition
Allosteric inhibitors modify enzyme active sites (reversible)
E.g. Glucose Hexokinase G-6 Phosphate
G.6. Phosphate – Inhibit Hexokinase
When end products accumulate they cause negative feedback or end product inhibition
After products get used up the enzyme reaction is switched on once again.
Other polysaccharides
Structure
Functions
Inulin
Polymer of fructose
It is not metabolized in the human body and is readily filtered through the kidney
Hyaluronic acid
Heteropolymer of d glucuronic acid and D-N acetyl glucosamine
It accounts for the toughness and flexibility of cartilage and tendon
Agar
Mucopolysaccharide from red algae
Used as a solidifying agent in culture medium in a laboratory
Heparin
Glucosamine glycan contains variably sulphated disaccharide unit present in liver
Used as anticoagulant
Used as anticoagulant
Sulphated glycosaminoglycan composed of altering sugars (N-acetylglucosamine and glucuronic acid)
Dietary supplement for treatment of osteoarthritis
Keratan sulphate
Sulphated glycosaminoglycan and is a structural carbohydrate
Acts as cushion to absorb mechanical shock
Other polysaccharides
Structure
Functions
Inulin
Polymer of fructose
It is not metabolized in the human body and is readily filtered through the kidney
Hyaluronic acid
Heteropolymer of d glucuronic acid and D-N acetyl glucosamine
It accounts for the toughness and flexibility of cartilage and tendon
Agar
Mucopolysaccharide from red algae
Used as a solidifying agent in culture medium in a laboratory
Heparin
Glucosamine glycan contains variably sulphated disaccharide unit present in liver
Used as anticoagulant
Used as anticoagulant
Sulphated glycosaminoglycan composed of altering sugars (N-acetylglucosamine and glucuronic acid)
Dietary supplement for treatment of osteoarthritis
Keratan sulphate
Sulphated glycosaminoglycan and is a structural carbohydrate
Acts as cushion to absorb mechanical shock
(a) True – True – False – False
(a) True – True – False – False
(d) Deoxyribose sugar – Phosphate Nitrogen base – Nucleotide
(d) Deoxyribose sugar – Phosphate Nitrogen base – Nucleotide
(d) Deoxyribose sugar – Phosphate – Nitrogen base – Nucleotide
V.
(d) Deoxyribose sugar – Phosphate – Nitrogen base – Nucleotide
V.
(b) P arm – Centromere – Sister chromatids – Q arm
VI. Assertion & Reason – Find Out The Correct Answer.
(b) P arm – Centromere – Sister chromatids – Q arm
VI. Assertion & Reason – Find Out The Correct Answer.
Enzymes being bio-molecules sensitive to environmental condition
(i) Temperature
* Heating increases molecular motion-quicken enzyme reaction
* Optimum temperature is the temperature that promotes maximum activity
(ii) pH –
* Change in the pH – leads to an alteration of enzyme shape (active site)
* Extremes of pH’ denatures enzymes
* Optimum pH’ is that at which the maximum rate of reaction occurs
(iii) Substrate concentration
For a given enzyme concentration, the rate of reaction increase with increasing substrate concentration
(iv) Enzyme concentration
The rate of reaction is directly proportional to enzyme concentration.
Enzymes being bio-molecules sensitive to environmental condition
(i) Temperature
* Heating increases molecular motion-quicken enzyme reaction
* Optimum temperature is the temperature that promotes maximum activity
(ii) pH –
* Change in the pH – leads to an alteration of enzyme shape (active site)
* Extremes of pH’ denatures enzymes
* Optimum pH’ is that at which the maximum rate of reaction occurs
(iii) Substrate concentration
For a given enzyme concentration, the rate of reaction increase with increasing substrate concentration
(iv) Enzyme concentration
The rate of reaction is directly proportional to enzyme concentration.
The characteristic feature of DNA.
* If one strand runs in the 5′ – 3′ direction, the other runs in 3′ – 5′ direction and thus are antiparallel (they run in the opposite direction). The 5′ end has the phosphate group and 3’end has the OH group.
* The angle at which the two sugars protrude from the base pairs is about 120°, for the narrow-angle and 240° for the wide-angle. The narrow-angle between the sugars generates a minor groove and the large angle on the other edge generates major groove.
* Each base is 0.34 nm apart and a complete turn of the helix comprises 3.4 nm or 10 base pairs per turn in the predominant B form of DNA.
* DNA helical structure has a diameter of 20 Å and a pitch of about 3 Å. X-ray crystal study of DNA takes a stack of about 10 bp to go completely around the helix (360°).
* Thermodynamic stability of the helix and specificity of base pairing includes
* The hydrogen bonds between the complementary bases of the double helix
* stacking interaction between bases tend to stack about each other perpendicular to the direction of the helical axis.
* Electron cloud interactions (\({ \Pi -{ \Pi } }\)) between the bases in the helical stacks contribute to the stability of the double helix.
* The phosphodiester linkages give an inherent polarity to the DNA helix. They form strong covalent bonds, gives strength and stability to the polynucleotide chain.
* Plectonemic coiling – the two strands of the DNA are wrapped around each other in a helix, making it impossible to simply move them apart without breaking the entire structure. Whereas in paranemic coiling the two strands simply lie alongside one another, making them easier to pull apart.
* Based on the helix and the distance between each turn, the DNA is of three forms – A DNA, B DNA and Z DNA.
The characteristic feature of DNA.
* If one strand runs in the 5′ – 3′ direction, the other runs in 3′ – 5′ direction and thus are antiparallel (they run in the opposite direction). The 5′ end has the phosphate group and 3’end has the OH group.
* The angle at which the two sugars protrude from the base pairs is about 120°, for the narrow-angle and 240° for the wide-angle. The narrow-angle between the sugars generates a minor groove and the large angle on the other edge generates major groove.
* Each base is 0.34 nm apart and a complete turn of the helix comprises 3.4 nm or 10 base pairs per turn in the predominant B form of DNA.
* DNA helical structure has a diameter of 20 Å and a pitch of about 3 Å. X-ray crystal study of DNA takes a stack of about 10 bp to go completely around the helix (360°).
* Thermodynamic stability of the helix and specificity of base pairing includes
* The hydrogen bonds between the complementary bases of the double helix
* stacking interaction between bases tend to stack about each other perpendicular to the direction of the helical axis.
* Electron cloud interactions (\({ \Pi -{ \Pi } }\)) between the bases in the helical stacks contribute to the stability of the double helix.
* The phosphodiester linkages give an inherent polarity to the DNA helix. They form strong covalent bonds, gives strength and stability to the polynucleotide chain.
* Plectonemic coiling – the two strands of the DNA are wrapped around each other in a helix, making it impossible to simply move them apart without breaking the entire structure. Whereas in paranemic coiling the two strands simply lie alongside one another, making them easier to pull apart.
* Based on the helix and the distance between each turn, the DNA is of three forms – A DNA, B DNA and Z DNA.
I. mRNA (messenger RNA)
* single-stranded
* carries a copy of instructions to carry out amino acid assembling &protein synthesis
* unstable
* 5% of total RNA
* In Prokaryotes – it is (polycistronic carrying coding sequence for many polypeptides
* Eukaryotes – (monocistronic) contain information for only one polypeptide
II. tRNA (transfer RNA)
* single-stranded clover-shaped with 4 arms highly folded -3 D structure
* translates the code from mRNA and transfers amino acid to ribosomes (to built proteins)
* unstable (also known as soluble RNA)
* 15% of total RNA
III. rRNA (ribosomal RNA)
* single-stranded
* make up the 2 subunits of ribosomes
* metabolically stable
* 80% total RNA
* A polymer with varied length from 120 – 3000 nucleotides & give ribosomes their shape
* Genes of rRNA employed for phylogenetic studies
Part II
11th Bio Botany Guide Biomolecules Additional Important Questions and Answers
I Choose the right answer.
I. mRNA (messenger RNA)
* single-stranded
* carries a copy of instructions to carry out amino acid assembling &protein synthesis
* unstable
* 5% of total RNA
* In Prokaryotes – it is (polycistronic carrying coding sequence for many polypeptides
* Eukaryotes – (monocistronic) contain information for only one polypeptide
II. tRNA (transfer RNA)
* single-stranded clover-shaped with 4 arms highly folded -3 D structure
* translates the code from mRNA and transfers amino acid to ribosomes (to built proteins)
* unstable (also known as soluble RNA)
* 15% of total RNA
III. rRNA (ribosomal RNA)
* single-stranded
* make up the 2 subunits of ribosomes
* metabolically stable
* 80% total RNA
* A polymer with varied length from 120 – 3000 nucleotides & give ribosomes their shape
* Genes of rRNA employed for phylogenetic studies
Part II
11th Bio Botany Guide Biomolecules Additional Important Questions and Answers
I Choose the right answer.
c. GIycine
c. GIycine
c. Allosteric inhibition of hexokinase by glucose-6-phosphate
c. Allosteric inhibition of hexokinase by glucose-6-phosphate
d. Isomerases
d. Isomerases
d.Hormones
d.Hormones
IV
IV
- (a) Janssen
- (b) Edison
- (c) Knoll and Ruska
- (d) Landsteiner
(c) Knoll and Ruska
(c) Knoll and Ruska
b. Glycans
b. Glycans
- (a) Virchow
- (b) Hooke
- (c) Leeuwenhoek
- (d) Robert Brown
(a) Virchow
(a) Virchow
c. explosives
c. explosives
- (a) mitochondria and inherited via egg cytoplasm
- (b) lysosomes and peroxisomes
- (c) Golgi bodies and smooth endoplasmic reticulum
- (d) Plastids inherited via male gametes
(a) mitochondria and inherited via egg cytoplasm
(a) mitochondria and inherited via egg cytoplasm
c. mucopolysaccharide
c. mucopolysaccharide
- (a) Mitochondria
- (b) Chloroplast
- (c) Golgi bodies
- (d) ER
(b) Chloroplast
(b) Chloroplast
b. sulphuric acid
b. sulphuric acid
a. cholesterol
a. cholesterol
- (a) Rough ER
- (b) smooth ER
- (c) Centriole
- (d) Lysosome
(b) smooth ER
(b) smooth ER
d. Nucleic acids
d. Nucleic acids
(IV) Glycogen – mucopolysaccharide
(IV) Glycogen – mucopolysaccharide
a. Amino acid
a. Amino acid
c. Glucose – Galactose
c. Glucose – Galactose
- (a) 1
- (b) 2
- (c) 3
- (d) 4
(c) 3
(c) 3
d. Glycosaminoglycan
d. Glycosaminoglycan
c. Isoelectric point
c. Isoelectric point
a. Negatively charged ‘R’ groups
a. Negatively charged ‘R’ groups
b. Biuret test
b. Biuret test
- (a) malonate
- (b) succinate
- (c) oxalate
- (d) citrate
(a) malonate
(a) malonate
d. Ligase
d. Ligase
d. Ribonucleotide
d. Ribonucleotide
c. phosphodiester linkage
c. phosphodiester linkage
- (a) mRNA
- (b) Ribozyme
- (c) Ribonuclease
- (d) rRNA
(b) Ribozyme
(b) Ribozyme
c. phospholipid
c. phospholipid
b. 1 molecule glucose & 1 molecule fructose
b. 1 molecule glucose & 1 molecule fructose
a. Vander Waals forces
a. Vander Waals forces
- (a) 2
- (b) 3
- (c) 4
- (d) Nil
(a) 2
(a) 2
d. Glycogen
d. Glycogen
d. glucosidic bond
d. glucosidic bond
- (a) 34 nm
- (b) 3.4 nm
- (c) 20 nm
- (d) 2nm
(b) 3.4 nm
(b) 3.4 nm
c. Ascorbic acid
c. Ascorbic acid
- (a) B – DNA
- (b) A – DNA
- (c) Z – DNA
- (d) dsDNA
(c) Z – DNA
II. Choose the wrong answer.
(c) Z – DNA
II. Choose the wrong answer.
(a) Assertion & Reason correct Reason Explaining Assertion.
(a) Assertion & Reason correct Reason Explaining Assertion.
Nutrients which are required in trace amounts is called micronutrients.
Cobalt, zinc, boron, copper, molybdenum, and manganese – essential for enzyme action.
Eg – Molybdenum is necessary for the fixation of nitrogen by enzyme nitrogenase.
Nutrients which are required in trace amounts is called micronutrients.
Cobalt, zinc, boron, copper, molybdenum, and manganese – essential for enzyme action.
Eg – Molybdenum is necessary for the fixation of nitrogen by enzyme nitrogenase.
(c) Assertion is true but Reason is wrong.
(c) Assertion is true but Reason is wrong.
- It has Adhesion & cohesion property
- High latent heat of vaporisation
- High melting and boiling point
- Universal solvent
- Has specific heat capacity.
- It has Adhesion & cohesion property
- High latent heat of vaporisation
- High melting and boiling point
- Universal solvent
- Has specific heat capacity.
(a) Assertion & Reason correct Reason Explaining Assertion.
(a) Assertion & Reason correct Reason Explaining Assertion.
Primary metabolites
Secondary Metabolites
Required for the basic metabolic processes, like Photosynthesis, Respiration, Protein & lipid metabolism.
No direct function in the growth and development of organisms.
Primary metabolites
Secondary Metabolites
Required for the basic metabolic processes, like Photosynthesis, Respiration, Protein & lipid metabolism.
No direct function in the growth and development of organisms.
(a) Assertion & Reason correct Reason Explaining Assertion.
2 Marks
(a) Assertion & Reason correct Reason Explaining Assertion.
2 Marks
A process in which repeating subunits termed monomers is bound into chains of different lengths called polymers.
Eg – Starch – Polynucleotide.
A process in which repeating subunits termed monomers is bound into chains of different lengths called polymers.
Eg – Starch – Polynucleotide.
Glycogen
Cellulose
Storage polysaccharide
Structural polysaccharide
Animal starch
Plant starch
made up of glucose with ( α- 1-6) linked branches
Made up of 1000s of glucose units held by β glucose units held by 1,4 glucosidic linkage
Seen in liver cells skeletal muscle fibre throughout the human body except brain.
Occur in cotton. In the form of nitrocellulose used as explosives.
Glycogen
Cellulose
Storage polysaccharide
Structural polysaccharide
Animal starch
Plant starch
made up of glucose with ( α- 1-6) linked branches
Made up of 1000s of glucose units held by β glucose units held by 1,4 glucosidic linkage
Seen in liver cells skeletal muscle fibre throughout the human body except brain.
Occur in cotton. In the form of nitrocellulose used as explosives.
Dinucleotide
Polynucleotide
2 nucleotide joined to form Dinucleotide
They are linked through 3′- 5′- Phospho – diester linkage by condensation between phosphate group of one with the sugar of other.
Like dinucleotide,when many nucleotides then it leads to the formation of polynucleotides Eg-DNA-RNA
Dinucleotide
Polynucleotide
2 nucleotide joined to form Dinucleotide
They are linked through 3′- 5′- Phospho – diester linkage by condensation between phosphate group of one with the sugar of other.
Like dinucleotide,when many nucleotides then it leads to the formation of polynucleotides Eg-DNA-RNA
Nucleoside
Nucleotide
Nitrogen + Sugar → Nucleoside
Eg – Adenine + Ribose → Adenosine
Nucleoside +→ Nucleotide Phosphoric acid (N + S) + P
Adenine + Ribose → Adenosine
Adenosine + Phosphoric Acid → Adenylic acid
Nucleoside
Nucleotide
Nitrogen + Sugar → Nucleoside
Eg – Adenine + Ribose → Adenosine
Nucleoside +→ Nucleotide Phosphoric acid (N + S) + P
Adenine + Ribose → Adenosine
Adenosine + Phosphoric Acid → Adenylic acid
Chargaffs Law in 1949
I. A = T & G = C
Between A & T double bond Between G & C triple bond
II. A + G number equal to T + C
III. But A: T, need not be equal to G: C
Chargaffs Law in 1949
I. A = T & G = C
Between A & T double bond Between G & C triple bond
II. A + G number equal to T + C
III. But A: T, need not be equal to G: C