Samacheer Class 11 Bio Zoology Respiration Book Back Answers & Solutions

Your Progress - Chapter 60% complete

1I. Choose The Best Options64 questions

Q.1Breathing is controlled by a) cerebrum b) medulla oblongata c) cerebellum d) ponsv

Solution

b) medulla oblongata

Answer:

b) medulla oblongata

Q.1What are the respiratory organs of the Limulus? a) Trachea b) Gills c) Bookgills d) Green glandsv

Solution

c) Bookgills

Answer:

c) Bookgills

Q.2Intercostal muscles are found between the a) vertebral column b) sternum c) ribs d) glottisv

Solution

c) ribs

Answer:

c) ribs

Q.2Hamburger’s phenomenon is also known as ……….. [CPMT1988,1991, AMU2001, JLPMER 2002]v

(a) HCO 3 shift
(b) Na+ shift
(c) H+ shift
(d) Chloride shift

Solution

(d) Chloride shift

Answer:

(d) Chloride shift

Q.3The respiratory structures of insects are a) tracheal tubes b) gills c) green glands d) lungsv

Solution

a) tracheal tubes

Answer:

a) tracheal tubes

Q.3These are mucous-secreting cells. a) Oxynctic cells b) Chief cells c) Goblet cells d) Parietal cellsv

Solution

c) Goblet cells

Answer:

c) Goblet cells

Q.4Asthma is caused due to a) inflammation of bronchus and bronchioles b) inflammation of branchiole c) damage of diaphragm d) infection of lungsv

Solution

a) inflammation of bronchus and bronchioles

Answer:

a) inflammation of bronchus and bronchioles

Q.4These are the respiratory surfaces. a) brunchioles b) Terminal bronchiole c) alveoli d) small bronchiv

Solution

c) alveoli

Answer:

c) alveoli

Q.5The Oxygen Dissociation Curve is a) sigmoid b) straight line c) curved d) rectangular hyperbolav

Solution

a) sigmoid

Answer:

a) sigmoid

Q.5At higher CO 2 concentration, oxygen dissociation curve of hemoglobin will ……….. [CPMTX 990]v

(a) Move to left
(b) Move to right
(c) Become irregular
(d) Move upwardly

Solution

(b) Move to right

Answer:

(b) Move to right

Q.6The Tidal Volume of a normal person is a) 800 mL b) 1000-1200 mL c) 500 mL d) 1100-1200 mLv

Solution

c) 500 mL

Answer:

c) 500 mL

Q.6Match: 1) Residual volume i) 6000 ml 2) Expiratory reserve volume ii) 2500 – 3000 ml 3) Inspiratory reserve volume iii) 1000 -1100 ml 4) Total lung capacity iv) 1100 -1200 ml 1) i – iv; 2 – i; 3 – ii; 4 – iii b) i – i; 2 – ii; 3 – iii; 4 – iv c) i – iii; 2 – i; 3 – iv; 4 – ii d) i – iv; 2 – iii; 3 – ii; 4 – iv

Solution

d) i – iv; 2 – iii; 3 – ii; 4 – i

Answer:

d) i – iv; 2 – iii; 3 – ii; 4 – i

Q.7During inspiration, the diaphragm a) expands b) unchanged c) relaxes to become domed-shaped d) contracts and flattensv

Solution

d) contracts and flattens

Answer:

d) contracts and flattens

Q.71) Atmospheric air i) Partial pressure of O 2 -104 2) Alveoli ii) Partial pressure of O 2 – 40 3) Tissues iii) Partial pressure of O 2 – 95 4) Oxygenated iv) Partial pressure of O 2 – blood 159 a) i – i; 2 – ii; 3 – iii; 4 – iv b) i – ii; 2 – iii; 3 – i; 4 – iv c) i – iv; 2 – iii; 3 – ii; 4 – i d) i – iv; 2 – i; 3 – ii; 4 – iiiv

Solution

d) i – iv; 2 – i; 3 – ii; 4 – iii

Answer:

d) i – iv; 2 – i; 3 – ii; 4 – iii

Q.8CO 2 is transported through blood to lungs as a) carbonic acid b) oxyhaemoglobin c) carbamino haemoglobin d) carboxy haemoglobinv

Solution

c) carbamino haemoglobin

Answer:

c) carbamino haemoglobin

Q.8Find out the correct statement and assertion: Assertion: The high partial pressure of CO 2 provides essential space for the dissociation of O 2 from oxyhemoglobin Reason: Haemoglobin takes a maximum of 4 molecules of CO 2 a) Assertion and reason are correct b) Assertion wrong reason wrong c) Assertion correct reason correct. The reason explains the assertion. d) Assertion correct Reason wrongv

Solution

d) Assertion correct Reason wrong

Answer:

d) Assertion correct Reason wrong

Q.9When 1500 mL air is in the lungs, it is called a) vital capacity b) tidal volume c) residual volume d) inspiratory reserve volumev

Solution

c) residual volume

Answer:

c) residual volume

Q.9Assertion: The CO 2 when enters into the blood combines with water to form carbonic acid Reason: Carbonic anhydrase enzyme acts as a catalyst for this reaction a) Assertion correct Reason wrong b) Assertion wrong Reason correct c) Assertion and reason are wrong d) Assertion and reason are correctv

Solution

d) Assertion and reason are correct

Answer:

d) Assertion and reason are correct

Q.10Vital capacity is a) TV + IRV b) TV + ERV c) RV + ERV d) TV + IRV + ERVv

Solution

d) TV + IRV + ERV

Answer:

d) TV + IRV + ERV

Q.10The volume of air remaining in lungs after maximum respiratory’ effort is ……….. [JKCMEE 1992, Har. PMT 2003]v

(a) Vital capacity
(b) Residual volume
(c) Total lung capacity
(d) Tidal volume

Solution

(b) Residual volume

Answer:

(b) Residual volume

Q.11After a long deep breath, we do not respire for some seconds due to a) more CO 2 in the blood b) more O 2 in the blood c) less CO 2 in the blood d) less O 2 in the bloodv

Solution

b) more O 2 in the blood

Answer:

b) more O 2 in the blood

Q.11What is the cause of pleurisy? a) embolism b) constriction of airways c) alveolei is damaged d) Pleura becomes inflammedv

Solution

d) Pleura becomes inflammed

Answer:

d) Pleura becomes inflammed

Q.12Which of the following substances in tobacco smoke damage the gas exchange system? a) carbon monoxide and carcinogens b) carbon monoxide and nicotine c) carcinogens and tar d) nicotine and tarv

Solution

b) carbon monoxide and nicotine

Answer:

b) carbon monoxide and nicotine

Q.12People workes in the sand grinding mills may have this disease? a) asbestosis b) Fibrosis c) Silicosis d) Nephrosisv

Solution

c) Silicosis

Answer:

c) Silicosis

Q.13Column I represents diseases and column II represents their symptoms Choose the correctly paired option. Column I Column II P. Asthma i) Recurring of bronchitis Q. Emphysema ii) Accumulation of W.B.C in alveolus R. Pneumonia iii) Allergy a) P – iii, Q – ii, R – i b) P – iii, Q – i, R – ii c) P – ii, Q – iii, R – i d) P – ii, Q – i, R -iiiv

Solution

a) P – iii, Q – ii, R – i

Answer:

a) P – iii, Q – ii, R – i

Q.13What is the cause of the disease bend? a) Fibrosis b) Necrosis c) Narcosis d) Silicosisv

Solution

c) Narcosis

Answer:

c) Narcosis

Q.14Which of the following best describes the process of gas exchange in the lungs? a) Air moves in and out of the alveoli during breathing. b) Carbon dioxide diffuses from deoxygenated blood in capillaries into the alveolar air c) Oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse down their concentration gradients between blood and alveolar air d) Oxygen diffuses from alveolar air into deoxygenated blood.v

Solution

c/d

Answer:

c/d

Q.15Make the correct pairs. Column I Column II PIC i) maximum volume of air breathe in after forced QEC ii) Volume of air present after expiration in lungs RVC iii) Volume of air inhaled after expiration SFRC iv) Volume of air exhaled after inspiration a) P – i, Q – ii, R – iii, S – iv b) P – ii, Q – iii R – iv, S – i c) P – ii, Q – iii, R – i, S – iv d) P – iii, Q – iv, R – i, S – iiv

Solution

d) P – iii, Q – iv, R – i, S – ii

Answer:

d) P – iii, Q – iv, R – i, S – ii

Q.15Read the following statement and find whether they are correct or wrong. 1) The thin squamous epithelial cells of the alveoli are composed of Type-I and the gases can diffuse rapidly through them 2) Type-II cells are thin. The gaseous exchange takes place through diffusion. 3) The spirometer is used to find the volume of air 4) A healthy man respires 10-15 times per minute a) 1 – True; 2 – False; 3 – True; 4 – False b) 1 – True; 2 – True; 3 – False; 4 – True c) 1 – False; 2 – True; 3 – False; 4 – True d) 1 – True; 2 – False; 3 – True; 4 – Falsev

Solution

a) 1 – True; 2 – False; 3 – True; 4 – False

Answer:

a) 1 – True; 2 – False; 3 – True; 4 – False

Q.16Make the correct pairs. Column I Column II P. Tidal volume i) 1000 to 1100 ml Q. Residual volume ii) 500 ml R. Expiratory reserve volume iii) 2500 to 3000 ml S. Inspiratory reserve volume iv) 1100 to 1200 ml a) P – ii, Q – iv, R – i, S – iii b) P – iii, Q – ii R – iv, S – i c) P – ii, Q – iv, R – iii, S – i d) P – iii, Q – iv, R – i, S – iiv

Solution

a) P – ii, Q – iv, R – i, S – iii

Answer:

a) P – ii, Q – iv, R – i, S – iii

Q.16The volume of air breathed in and out during effortless respiration is ………..v

(a) residual volume
(b) vital volume
(c) tidal volume
(d) normal volume

Solution

Answer:

Q.17Name the respiratory organs of flatworm earthworm, fish, prawn, cockroach, and cat.v

Solution

Flatworm – Body surface
Earthworm – Moist skin
Fish – Gills
Prawn – Gills
Cockroach – Trachea
Cat – Lungs

Answer:

Flatworm – Body surface
Earthworm – Moist skin
Fish – Gills
Prawn – Gills
Cockroach – Trachea
Cat – Lungs

Q.17A normal human adult can inspire or expire approximately. a) 5000-8000 ml b) 6000 – 7000 ml c) 6000-8000 ml d) 5000 – 9000 mlv

Solution

c) 6000-8000 ml

Answer:

c) 6000-8000 ml

Q.18Name the enzyme that catalyses the bicarbonate formation in RBCs.v

Solution

Carbonic anhydrase

Answer:

Carbonic anhydrase

Q.18Lungs have a number of alveoli for ………..[MPPMT 1995]v

(a) Having spongy texture and proper shape
(b) More surface area for diffusion of gases
(c) More space for the increasing volume of inspired air
(d) More nerve supply

Solution

(b) More surface area for diffusion of gases

Answer:

(b) More surface area for diffusion of gases

Q.19Air moving from the nose to the trachea passes through a number of structures. List in order of the structures.v

Solution

External nostrils, Nasal cavity, pharynx Larynx, trachea, the bronchi bronchioles, and the lungs (alveoli)

Answer:

External nostrils, Nasal cavity, pharynx Larynx, trachea, the bronchi bronchioles, and the lungs (alveoli)

Q.19Match the following. i) Inspiratory reserve volume i) 6000 ml ii) Expiratory reserve volume ii) 1100-1200 ml iii) Residual volume iii) 1000-31100 ml iv) Total lung capacity iv) 2500 – 43000 ml a) i – 2; ii – 3; iii – 4; iv – 2 b) i – 1; ii – 2; iii – 3; iv – 4 c) i – 4; ii – 2; iii – 2; iv -1 d) i – 3; ii – 2; iii -1; iv – 4v

Solution

c) i – 4; ii – 2; iii – 2; iv -1

Answer:

c) i – 4; ii – 2; iii – 2; iv -1

Q.20Which structures seal the Larynx when we swallow?v

Solution

Epiglottis.

Answer:

Epiglottis.

Q.21Resistance in the airways is typically low why? Give two reasons.v

Solution

The airway resistance is low because:
* The diameter of most airways is relatively large.
* For smaller airways there are many in parallel, making their combined diameter large.
* Air has a low viscosity.

Answer:

Q.21The amount of air that is not involved in gaseous exchange. a) 200 ml b) 150 ml c) 300 ml d) 250 mlv

Solution

d) 250 ml

Answer:

d) 250 ml

Q.22How the body makes long-term adjustments when living in high altitude?v

Solution

When a person travels from sea level to elevations where the atmospheric pressure and partial pressure of O 2 lowered there is a poor binding of O 2 with haemoglobin leads to acute mountain sickness.
When the person lives there for a long time the kidney synthesizes the erythropoietin which stimulates the bone marrow to produce more RBCs

Answer:

When a person travels from sea level to elevations where the atmospheric pressure and partial pressure of O 2 lowered there is a poor binding of O 2 with haemoglobin leads to acute mountain sickness.
When the person lives there for a long time the kidney synthesizes the erythropoietin which stimulates the bone marrow to produce more RBCs

Q.22Total lung capacity is …………. a) VC+RC b) TV+IRV c) ERV+TV+IRV d) TV+ERVv

Solution

a) VC+RC

Answer:

a) VC+RC

Q.23Why is pneumonia considered a dangerous disease?v

Solution

Inflammation of the lungs due to infection caused by bacteria or virus is called pneumonia. The symptoms are sputum production, nasal congestion, shortness of breath, sore throat etc. The alveoli get filled with fluid or pus, making is difficult to breathe (lung abscesses).

Answer:

Q.23Maximum amount 70-75% of carbon dioxide transport occurs. [RPMT1996, 1998, MPPMT1998, CPMT 1998, BV 2002]v

(a) Dissolved in plasma
(b) Carbaminohaemoglobin complex
(c) Bicarbonate
(d) None of the above

Solution

Answer:

Q.24Diffusion of gases occurs in the alveolar region and only not in any other part of the respiratory system discuss.v

Solution

* The other parts of the respiratory system do the work of passing the air into the lungs only.
* Real respiration takes place between alveoli and blood capillaries.
The diffusion membrane of the alveolus is made up of three layers.
* The thin squamous epithelial cells.
* The endothelium of the alveolar capillaries.
* The basement substance found in between them.
The thin squamous epithelial cells of the alveoli provide space for gaseous exchange

Answer:

Q.24Vital Capacity is: a) TV+IRV+ERV b) RV+ERV c) TV+IRV d) TV+ERVv

Solution

a) TV+IRV+ERV

Answer:

a) TV+IRV+ERV

Q.25In what form oxygen is transported in blood. a) HbO 4 b) HbO 6 c) HbO 2 d) HbO 3v

Solution

c) HbO 2

Answer:

c) HbO 2

Q.26Explain the conditions which create problems in oxygen transport?v

Solution

When a person travels quickly from sea level to elevations above 8000 ft, where the atmospheric pressure and partial pressure of oxygen are lowered, the individual responds with symptoms of acute mountain sickness (AMS)- headache, shortness of breath, nausea, and dizziness due to poor binding of O 2 with hemoglobin. When the person moves on a long-term basis to mountains from sea level his body begins to make respiratory and hematopoietic adjustments.
To overcome this situation kidneys accelerate the production of the hormone erythropoietin, which stimulates the bone marrow to produce more RBCs. When a person descends deep into the sea, the pressure in the surrounding water increases which causes the lungs to decrease in volume.
This decrease in volume increases the partial pressure of the gases within the lungs. This effect can be beneficial, because it tends to drive additional oxygen into the circulation, but this benefit also has a risk, the increased pressure can also drive nitrogen gas into the circulation.
This increase in blood nitrogen content can lead to a condition called nitrogen narcosis. When the diver ascends to the surface too quickly a condition called ‘bends’ or decompression sickness occurs and nitrogen comes out of solution while still in the blood-forming bubbles. Small bubbles in the blood are not harmful, but large bubbles can lodge in small capillaries, blocking blood flow or can press on nerve endings.
Decompression sickness is associated with pain in joints and muscles and neurological problems including stroke. The risk of nitrogen narcosis and bends is common in scuba divers. During carbon dioxide poisoning, the demand for oxygen increases. As the 02 level in the blood decreases it leads to suffocation and the skin turns bluish-black.
Part II
11th Bio Zoology Guide Respiration Additional Important Questions and Answers
(1 Mark)
I. Choose The Best Options

Answer:

Q.26How many molecules of oxygen are accepted by haemoglobin? a) 4 b) 3 c) 2 d) 1v

Solution

a) 4

Answer:

a) 4

Q.27Which one has the lowest value?v

(a) Tidal volume
(b) Vital capacity
(c) Inspiratory reserve volume
(d) Expiratory reserve volume

Solution

(b) Vital capacity

Answer:

(b) Vital capacity

Q.28Find out the wrong pair. a) Dissolved CO 2 in blood Plasma 7- 10% b) The transport of O 2 in blood in the dissolved state 7% c) The dissolved CO 2 in haemoglobin 20-25% d) Emphysema Smokingv

Solution

b) The transport of O 2 in blood in the dissolved state – 7%

Answer:

b) The transport of O 2 in blood in the dissolved state – 7%

Q.29Where is the respiratory regulatory center present in the brain? a) Pons Varoli b) Pons c) Medulla oblongata d) cerebellumv

Solution

a) Pons Varoli

Answer:

a) Pons Varoli

Q.30In which altitude the symptoms of a cute mountain sickness appear? a) 1000 feet b) 9000 feet c) 8000 feet d) 7000 feetv

Solution

c) 8000 feet

Answer:

c) 8000 feet

Q.31Find out the wrong pair a) Erythropoietin Increases the red blood cell synthesis b) Nitrogen narcosis decompression sickness c) Carbonic anhydrase Synthesis of carbonic acid d) Normal ferrous Methaemoglobinv

Solution

d) Normal ferrous – Methaemoglobin

Answer:

d) Normal ferrous – Methaemoglobin

Q.32Find the wrong pair. a) Level of O 2 in the blood is low Skin turns bluish-black b) Sigmoid curve Percentage Saturation of haemoglobin c) Haemoglobin HbO 4 d) Emphysema Smokingv

Solution

c) Haemoglobin – HbO 4

Answer:

c) Haemoglobin – HbO 4

Q.33Exchange of gases in lung alveoli occurs through ……….. [AFMC 2002]v

(a) Active transport
(b) Osmosis
(c) Simple diffusion
(d) Passive transport

Solution

Answer:

Q.34Confirm: Assertion (A): Workers working in grinding industries wear protective masks Reason (B): People working in grinding industries suffers from silicosis a) A – True, B – True b) A-False, B-True c) The assertion A is wrong d) assertion A is wrong. The reason B is Truev

Solution

a) A – True, B – True

Answer:

a) A – True, B – True

Q.35Confirm: Part – A: The tar present in the nicotine damages the gaseous exchange. Part – B: The blood vessels get narrower and the blood pressure increases due to smoking Ans: a) Part A – False, Part B – Ture b) Part A- True, Part B-True c) Part A – True, Part B – is not correct explanation d) Part A – It is a correct statement. Part B is not a correct statementv

Solution

b) Part A- True, Part B-True

Answer:

b) Part A- True, Part B-True

Q.36Match and find the correct sequence i) Pleurisy A) Constriction of alveoli ii) Atelectasis B) Widening of alveoli iii) Emphysema c) Accumulation of fluid in the air spaces iv) Pulmonary edema D) Pleura becomes inflamed a) I – D, II-A, III – B, IV – C b) I – A, II – B, III – C, IV – D c) I – D, II – C, III – B, IV – A d) I – A, II – C, III-A, IV – Bv

Solution

a) I – D, II-A, III – B, IV – C

Answer:

a) I – D, II-A, III – B, IV – C

Q.37Match and find the correct sequence i) Tuberculosis A) Alveolei will be affected ii) Pneumonia B) Inflamation of bronchioles iii) Asthma Q Mycobacterium iv) Bronchitis D) Mucous secretion a) I – A, II – B, III – C, IV – D b) I – C, II-A, III – D, IV – D c) I – A, II – C, III – B, IV – D d) I – A, II – B, III – D, IV – Cv

Solution

b) I – C, II-A, III – D, IV – D

Answer:

b) I – C, II-A, III – D, IV – D

Q.38The world tuberculosis day a) March 20th b) March 21st c) March 23rd d) March 24thv

Solution

d) March 24th

Answer:

d) March 24th

Q.39Respiratory centre of brain is stimulated by ……….. [AllMS 2000]v

(a) Carbon dioxide content in venous blood
(b) Carbon dioxide content in arterial blood
(c) Oxygen content in venous blood
(d) Oxygen content in arterial blood

Solution

(d) Oxygen content in arterial blood

Answer:

(d) Oxygen content in arterial blood

Q.40What is the speed of sneeze? a) 165 km/hr b) 200 km/hr c) 250 km / hr d) 225 km/ hrv

Solution

a) 165 km/hr

Answer:

a) 165 km/hr

Q.41The adult respires ………………….. time and newborn child respires …………………. times. a) 12-16;30-60 b) 12-14;30-50 c) 12-20; 30-70 d) 12-30;30-70v

Solution

a) 12-16;30-60
(2 marks)
II. Very Short Questions

Answer:

a) 12-16;30-60
(2 marks)
II. Very Short Questions

2II. Inthedeepsea4 questions

Q.15List the toxic substances present in tobacco. What are the ill-effects of smoking.v

Solution

a) Toxic substances present in tobacco.
Nicotine tar, carbon monoxide ammonia, arsenic and sulphur dioxide.
b) ill effects
* Carbon monoxide and Nicotine damaged the cardie vascular system.
* The tar damages the gaseous exchange system.
* Nicotine stimulate the heart to beat faster and narrowing the blood vessels results in raised blood pressure and coronary heart diseases.
* Carbon monoxide reduces O 2 Supply.
* Smoking causes lung, stomach, and pancreases and bladder cancer.
* It lowers sperm count in men.

Answer:

Q.16What is meant by chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?v

Solution

Smoking can cause lung diseases by damaging the airways and alveoli and results in emphysema and chronic bronchitis.
These two diseases along with asthma are referred to as a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
When a preson smokes 85% of the smoke released is inhaled by the smoker himself and others in the vicinity called passive smokers are also affected indirectly.

Answer:

Smoking can cause lung diseases by damaging the airways and alveoli and results in emphysema and chronic bronchitis.
These two diseases along with asthma are referred to as a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
When a preson smokes 85% of the smoke released is inhaled by the smoker himself and others in the vicinity called passive smokers are also affected indirectly.

Q.18Describe the relationship between partial pressure of O 2 and the nature of O 2 dissolving the haemoglobin.v

Solution

In the alveoli high PO 2 low PCO 3 Low temperature and less H + Concentration favours the formation of oxyhemoglobin wjiere as in the tissues low PO 2 high PCO 2 high H and high-temperature favoures the dissocation of O 2 from oxyhemoglobin.
A sigmoid curve is obtained when the percentage saturation of haemoglobin with O 2 is plotted against PO 2.
This S, Shaped curve has a steep slope for PO 2 valuer between 10 and 50 mm Hg and then flattens between 70 and 100 mm Hg.
Under normal physiological conditions, every 100 ml of oxygenated blood can deliver about 5 ml of O 2 to the tissues.

Answer:

In the alveoli high PO 2 low PCO 3 Low temperature and less H + Concentration favours the formation of oxyhemoglobin wjiere as in the tissues low PO 2 high PCO 2 high H and high-temperature favoures the dissocation of O 2 from oxyhemoglobin.
A sigmoid curve is obtained when the percentage saturation of haemoglobin with O 2 is plotted against PO 2.
This S, Shaped curve has a steep slope for PO 2 valuer between 10 and 50 mm Hg and then flattens between 70 and 100 mm Hg.
Under normal physiological conditions, every 100 ml of oxygenated blood can deliver about 5 ml of O 2 to the tissues.

Q.19List the PO 2 and PCO 2 during inspiration expiration and in lungs and blood vessels.v

Solution

Location
Partial Pressures of Oxygen PO 2
The partial pressure of CO 2 PCO 2
Inspiration
159 mm. Hg
0.3 mm. Hg
Expiration
120 mm. Hg
127 mm. Hg
Alveoli
104 mm. Hg
40 mm. Hg
Pulmonary artery
40 mm. Hg
45 mm.Hg
Pulmonary vein
95 mm. Hg
40 mm. Hg
Oxygenated blood
95 mm. Hg
40 mm. Hg
Deoxygenated blood
40 mm. Hg
45 mm. Hg

Answer:

3II. Very Short Questions22 questions

Q.1What is excretion?v

Solution

The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the environment and cells of our body, where organic nutrients are broken down oxygenatically to release energy.

Answer:

The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the environment and cells of our body, where organic nutrients are broken down oxygenatically to release energy.

Q.2How much air can be respired by a normal human adult?v

Solution

A normal adult can respire approximately 6000 to 8000 ml of air per minute. During vigorous exercise, the tidal volume is about 4-10 times higher.

Answer:

A normal adult can respire approximately 6000 to 8000 ml of air per minute. During vigorous exercise, the tidal volume is about 4-10 times higher.

Q.3The rate of breathing in aquatic animals is faster than the of terrestrial animals. Give reason.v

Solution

The amount of dissolved oxygen is very low in water compared to the amount of oxygen in the air. Hence the rate of breathing in aquatic animals is faster than the terrestrial animals.

Answer:

The amount of dissolved oxygen is very low in water compared to the amount of oxygen in the air. Hence the rate of breathing in aquatic animals is faster than the terrestrial animals.

Q.4What is residual volume?v

Solution

The volume of air remaining in the lungs after a forceful expiration.
Ex.: 1100-1200ml.

Answer:

The volume of air remaining in the lungs after a forceful expiration.
Ex.: 1100-1200ml.

Q.5What is the function of epiglottis?v

Solution

Epiglottis is a thin elastic flap at the junction of the nasopharynx and larynx. It prevents the food from entering into the larynx and avoids choking on food.

Answer:

Epiglottis is a thin elastic flap at the junction of the nasopharynx and larynx. It prevents the food from entering into the larynx and avoids choking on food.

Q.6What is meant by inspiratory capacity?v

Solution

The total volume of air a person can inhale after normal expiration. It includes tidal volume and inspiratory reserve volume.
IC = TV + IRV

Answer:

The total volume of air a person can inhale after normal expiration. It includes tidal volume and inspiratory reserve volume.
IC = TV + IRV

Q.7What is expiratory capacity?v

Solution

The total volume of air a person can exhale after a normal inspiration. It includes tidal volume and expiratory reserve volume.
EC = TV + ERV

Answer:

The total volume of air a person can exhale after a normal inspiration. It includes tidal volume and expiratory reserve volume.
EC = TV + ERV

Q.8How are lungs protected?v

Solution

The lungs are light spongy tissues enclosed in the thoracic cavity surrounded by an air-tight space. It is bound dorsally by the vertebral column and ventrally by the sternum, laterally by the ribs, and on the lower side by the dome-shaped diaphragm.

Answer:

Q.9What is meant by minute respiratory volume?v

Solution

* The amount of air that moves into the respiratory passage per minute is called minute respiratory volume.
Normal TV = 500 ml
* Normal respiratory rate = 12 times / minute Therefore the minute respiratory volume – 6 litre / minute

Answer:

Q.10What are the characteristic features of the respiratory surface?v

Solution

The surface area of the respiratory surface is large and richly supplied with blood vessels.
* It is extremely thin and kept moist.
* It is in direct contact with the environment.
* It is permeable to respiratory gases.

Answer:

Q.11Give short notes on a ‘C’ shaped cartilage of bronchi?v

Solution

Bronchi have ‘c’ shaped cartilage plates to ensure that the air passage does not collapse or burst as the air pressure changes during breathing.

Answer:

Bronchi have ‘c’ shaped cartilage plates to ensure that the air passage does not collapse or burst as the air pressure changes during breathing.

Q.12What should be the characteristic features of the respiratory surface?v

Solution

The surface area must be very large and richly supplied with blood vessels.
Should be extremely thin and kept moist.
Should be in direct contact with the environment.
Should be permeable to the respiratory gases.

Answer:

The surface area must be very large and richly supplied with blood vessels.
Should be extremely thin and kept moist.
Should be in direct contact with the environment.
Should be permeable to the respiratory gases.

Q.13What is meant by breathing?v

Solution

The movement of air between the atmosphere and the lungs is known as breathing.

Answer:

The movement of air between the atmosphere and the lungs is known as breathing.

Q.14Name the muscle that helps in respiration?v

Solution

Diaphragm
Intercostal muscle
External and internal intercostal muscle.

Answer:

Diaphragm
Intercostal muscle
External and internal intercostal muscle.

Q.15What is meant by expiratory reserve volume?v

Solution

The additional volume of air a person can forcefully exhale by forcefully expiration is called expiratory reserve volume.
The normal value is 1000-1100 ml.

Answer:

The additional volume of air a person can forcefully exhale by forcefully expiration is called expiratory reserve volume.
The normal value is 1000-1100 ml.

Q.16What is the cause for the reduction in the elasticity of the lungs?v

Solution

Healthy lungs contain large amounts of elastic connective tissue around the alveoli containing elastin which makes the lung tissue elastic.
People with emphysema and bronchitis have difficulty in exhaling because the enzyme elastase destroys the elastin around the alveoli and reduces the elasticity of the lungs.

Answer:

Healthy lungs contain large amounts of elastic connective tissue around the alveoli containing elastin which makes the lung tissue elastic.
People with emphysema and bronchitis have difficulty in exhaling because the enzyme elastase destroys the elastin around the alveoli and reduces the elasticity of the lungs.

Q.17Give notes on Asthma.v

Solution

Allergy is caused by allergens, it may be due to dust, pollens some seafood.
Allergens provoke an inflammatory response. The allergens affect our respiratory tracts and we immediately start sneezing and coughing.

Answer:

Allergy is caused by allergens, it may be due to dust, pollens some seafood.
Allergens provoke an inflammatory response. The allergens affect our respiratory tracts and we immediately start sneezing and coughing.

Q.18Why do some people snore?v

Solution

Breathing with a hoarse sound during sleep is caused by the vibration of the soft palate.
Snoring is caused by a partially closed upper airway (nose and throat) which becomes too narrow for enough air to travel through the lungs. This makes the surrounding tissues vibrate and produces the snoring sound.

Answer:

Q.19Why we should not laugh loudly during eating.v

Solution

The oesophagus and trachea lies in the pharynx During swallowing a thin elastic flap called epiglottis prevent the food from entering in to the larynx.
If we talk or laugh during swallowing the closing of trachea becomes disturbed and hence the food may enter in to trachea.

Answer:

The oesophagus and trachea lies in the pharynx During swallowing a thin elastic flap called epiglottis prevent the food from entering in to the larynx.
If we talk or laugh during swallowing the closing of trachea becomes disturbed and hence the food may enter in to trachea.

Q.20Breathing through the nose is healthy than through the mouth? why?v

Solution

There are more dust and microbes in the air. If we breathe through the mouth there is a possibility of entering these microbes and dust in to the stomach through oesophagus.
When we breathe through the nose the dust will be filtered by the bristles. The dust particular is trapped by the mucous membrane of the nasal cavity.

Answer:

There are more dust and microbes in the air. If we breathe through the mouth there is a possibility of entering these microbes and dust in to the stomach through oesophagus.
When we breathe through the nose the dust will be filtered by the bristles. The dust particular is trapped by the mucous membrane of the nasal cavity.

Q.21Write the structure of the alveoli.v

Solution

The diffusion membrane of the alveolus is made up of three layers. The thin squamous epithelial cells.
The endothelium of the alveolar capillaries
The basement substance found in between them. The thin requamous epithelial cells of alveoli are composed of Type-I and Type-II cells.
The Type-I cells are very thin so that gases can diffuse rapidly through them. Type-II cells are thicker synthesize and secrete a substance called surfactant.

Answer:

The diffusion membrane of the alveolus is made up of three layers. The thin squamous epithelial cells.
The endothelium of the alveolar capillaries
The basement substance found in between them. The thin requamous epithelial cells of alveoli are composed of Type-I and Type-II cells.
The Type-I cells are very thin so that gases can diffuse rapidly through them. Type-II cells are thicker synthesize and secrete a substance called surfactant.

Q.22Give the passage of breathing.v

Solution

External nostrils → Nasal cavity → Pharynx → Larynx → bronchi → bronchioles → Alveolei → Lungs.
(3 marks)
III. Short Questions

Answer:

External nostrils → Nasal cavity → Pharynx → Larynx → bronchi → bronchioles → Alveolei → Lungs.
(3 marks)
III. Short Questions

4III. Short Questions13 questions

Q.1What is meant by dead space?v

Solution

Some of the inspired air never reaches the gas exchange areas but fills the respiratory passages where exchange of gases does not occur. This air is called dead space. Dead space is not involved in gaseous exchange. It amounts to approximately 150mL.

Answer:

Q.2Give an account of the structures of haemoglobin?v

Solution

Hemoglobin belongs to the class of conjugated protein.
The iron-containing pigment portion haem constitutes only 4% and the rest colourless protein of the histone class globin.
The molecular weight of Hb is 68000
These four Iron atoms can combine with a molecule of oxygen.

Answer:

Hemoglobin belongs to the class of conjugated protein.
The iron-containing pigment portion haem constitutes only 4% and the rest colourless protein of the histone class globin.
The molecular weight of Hb is 68000
These four Iron atoms can combine with a molecule of oxygen.

Q.3What is meant by methaemoglobin?v

Solution

If the iron component of the haem is in ferric state in stead of normal ferrous state it is called methaemoglobin. Methaeglobin does not bind with O 2.

Answer:

If the iron component of the haem is in ferric state in stead of normal ferrous state it is called methaemoglobin. Methaeglobin does not bind with O 2.

Q.4What Are Surfactants?v

Solution

They are the thin non-cellular films made of protein and phospholipids covering the alveolar membrane.

Answer:

They are the thin non-cellular films made of protein and phospholipids covering the alveolar membrane.

Q.5What are the significances of surfactants?v

Solution

The surfactant lowers the surface tension in the alveoli and prevents the lungs from collapsing.
It also prevents pulmonary oedema.

Answer:

The surfactant lowers the surface tension in the alveoli and prevents the lungs from collapsing.
It also prevents pulmonary oedema.

Q.6What is new born respiratory distress syndrome (NRDS)?v

Solution

Premature Babies have low levels of surfactant in the alveoli may develop the new bom respiratory distress syndrome (NRDS) because the synthesis of surfactants begins only afer the 25th week of gestation.

Answer:

Q.7What is the reason for yawning?v

Solution

When there is a shortage of O 2, it is sensed by our brain and sends a message to CNS to correct the imbalance for O 2 demand and trigger us to yawn. Yawning helps us to breath more oxygen to the lungs.

Answer:

Q.8Why are hiccups occured?v

Solution

Hiccups are due to eating too fast or having occasional spasms of the diaphragm.

Answer:

Hiccups are due to eating too fast or having occasional spasms of the diaphragm.

Q.9What is the need of respiration?v

Solution

For all the activities of our body energy is needed. This we receive from the food. Oxygen is utilized by the organisms to break down the biomolecules the glucose and to derive energy. Hence Respiration is necessary.

Answer:

Q.10Why the rate of respiration in aquatic animals is high?v

Solution

The amount of dissolved oxygen is very low in water compared to the amount of oxygen in the air. So the rate of breathing in aquatic organisms is much faster than land animals.

Answer:

The amount of dissolved oxygen is very low in water compared to the amount of oxygen in the air. So the rate of breathing in aquatic organisms is much faster than land animals.

Q.11What is the importance of mucus in the respiratory tract?v

Solution

The goblet cells present in the mucus membrane secrete mucus, a slimy material rich in glycoprotein. Microorganisms and dust particles attach to the mucus films and are carried upwards to pass down the gullet during swallowing.

Answer:

Q.12What is dead space?v

Solution

Some of the inspired air never reaches the gas exchange areas but fills the respiratory passages where the exchange of gases does not occur. This air is called dead space. Dead space is not involved in gaseous exchange. It amounts to approximately 150mL.

Answer:

Q.13Why should we avoid breathing with our mouths?v

Solution

Breathing through mouth results in bladder shrinkage and creates an urge to urinate in the middle of the night.
IV. Competitive Exam Corner

Answer:

Breathing through mouth results in bladder shrinkage and creates an urge to urinate in the middle of the night.
IV. Competitive Exam Corner

5IV. Competitive Exam Corner3 questions

Q.1Sarojini’s father has congestion of the lungs. His doctor advised him to take bed rest and prescribed him an inhaler. What disease is he suffering from? List the symptoms of the disease.v

Solution

He is suffering from pneumonia.
Symptoms of pneumonia:
* Sputum Production,
* Nasal congestion,
* Shortness of breath,
* Sore throat

Answer:

He is suffering from pneumonia.
Symptoms of pneumonia:
* Sputum Production,
* Nasal congestion,
* Shortness of breath,
* Sore throat

Q.2A villager who came to the city was affected by severe respiratory illness due to the inhalation of particulate pollutants. Suggest the reason for his illness and how do particulate pollutants affect him.v

Solution

He is suffering from a dust allergy. As he entered in a polluted area he started sneezing and coughing. The allergens in that place affecting his respiratory tracts and provoked inflammatory response prolonged allergy leads to Asthma.

Answer:

Q.3Kumar’s mother works in a stone grinding factory. Suddenly she faints and taken to the hospital. The doctor notices fibers in the lungs. What kind of disease is she affected with? How can it be rectified?v

Solution

Long exposure to sand particles can give rise to inflammation leading to fibrosis. She must be hospitalized and have to give medication like anti-coagulation the imatinib. that fight against the disease.
(5 marks)
V. Essay Questions

Answer:

6V. Essay Questions13 questions

Q.1List the primary functions of the respiratory system?v

Solution

It helps in the exchange of O 2 and CO 2 between the atmosphere and the blood.
It maintains homeostatic regulation of body pH.
It protects us from inhaled pathogens and pollutants.
It maintains the vocal cords for normal communication.
It removes the heat produced during cellular respiration through breathing.

Answer:

It helps in the exchange of O 2 and CO 2 between the atmosphere and the blood.
It maintains homeostatic regulation of body pH.
It protects us from inhaled pathogens and pollutants.
It maintains the vocal cords for normal communication.
It removes the heat produced during cellular respiration through breathing.

Q.2Describe the structure of trachea with a diagram.v

Solution

The trachea is semiflexible tube supported by cartilaginous rings.
It starts from the pharynx and ends in the lungs there it divides into right and left primary bronchi.
With in the lungs the bronchi divided repeatedly into secondary and tertiary bronchi.
That further divides into terminal bronchioles and respiratory bronchioles.
Bronchi have ‘c’ shaped curved cartilage plates.
This plate helps in preventing collapsing as the air pressure changes during breathing.
There is no cartilaginous stingray the brarichioles,
The rigidity of the bronchioles prevents them from collapsing.

Answer:

The trachea is semiflexible tube supported by cartilaginous rings.
It starts from the pharynx and ends in the lungs there it divides into right and left primary bronchi.
With in the lungs the bronchi divided repeatedly into secondary and tertiary bronchi.
That further divides into terminal bronchioles and respiratory bronchioles.
Bronchi have ‘c’ shaped curved cartilage plates.
This plate helps in preventing collapsing as the air pressure changes during breathing.
There is no cartilaginous stingray the brarichioles,
The rigidity of the bronchioles prevents them from collapsing.

Q.3Describe the process of inspiration & expiration with a diagram?v

Solution

Inspiration occurs if the pressure inside the lungs is less than the atmospheric pressure.
Inspiration:
* There is a contraction of diaphragm muscles and external intercostal muscles which pulls the ribs and sternum upwards and downwards and increases the volume of the thoracic chamber in the dorsoventral axis.
* Hence the pulmonary pressure is less than the atmospheric pressure.
* This forces the fresh air from outside to enter the air passages into the lungs to equalize the pressure.
Expiration:
* Expiration takes place when the pressure within the lungs is higher than the atmospheric pressure.
* Relaxation of the diaphragm leads to its original dome-shaped nature.
* The internal intercostal muscles contract pulling the ribs downward reducing the thoracic volume and pulmonary volume.
* Thin results in an increase in the intrapulmonary pressure slightly above the atmospheric pressure causing the expulsion of air from the lungs.

Answer:

Q.4Describe the structure of lung with a diagram.v

Solution

The lungs are light spongy tissue.
It is enclosed inthe thoracic cavity surrounded by an air-tight space.
The thoracic cavity is bound dorsally by the ventral column and ventrally by the sternum. laterally by the ribs and on the lower side by the dome-shaped diaphragm.
The lungs are covered by a double walled pleural membrane and the plural cavity is filled with pleural fluid which reduces friction.
The trachea is a semi-flexible tube supported by cartilaginous rings which extends upto the 5th thoracic vertebra.
It divides into right and left bronchi and enters in to the lungs. There it divides further many times and ends in alveoli.

Answer:

The lungs are light spongy tissue.
It is enclosed inthe thoracic cavity surrounded by an air-tight space.
The thoracic cavity is bound dorsally by the ventral column and ventrally by the sternum. laterally by the ribs and on the lower side by the dome-shaped diaphragm.
The lungs are covered by a double walled pleural membrane and the plural cavity is filled with pleural fluid which reduces friction.
The trachea is a semi-flexible tube supported by cartilaginous rings which extends upto the 5th thoracic vertebra.
It divides into right and left bronchi and enters in to the lungs. There it divides further many times and ends in alveoli.

Q.5Explain the transport of oxygen In blood.v

Solution

Molecular oxygen is carried in blood in two ways: bound to haemoglobin within the red blood cells and dissolved in plasma. Oxygen is poorly soluble in water, so only 3% of the oxygen is transported in the dissolved form. 97% of oxygen binds with haemoglobin in a reversible manner to form oxyhaemoglobin (Hb0 2 ). The rate at which haemoglobin binds with O 2 is regulated by the partial pressure of O 2.
Each haemoglobin carries maximum of four molecules of oxygen. In the alveoli high pO 2, low pCO 2, low temperature and less H+ concentration, favours the formation of oxyhaemoglobin, whereas in the tissues low p02, high pCO 2, high H+ and high temperature favours the dissociation of oxygen from oxyhaemoglobin.
A sigmoid curve (S-shaped) is obtained when percentage saturation of haemoglobin with oxygen is plotted against pO 2. This curve is called oxygen haemoglobin dissociation curve. This S-shaped curve has a steep slope for pO 2 values between 10 and 50 mm Hg and then flattens between 70 and 100 mm Hg. Under normal physiological conditions, every 100 mL of oxygenated blood can deliver about 5 mL of O 2 to the tissues.

Answer:

Q.7Describe the process of CO 2 transport.v

Solution

* 7-10% of CO 2 is transported in a dissolved form in the plasma.
* 20-25% of dissolved CO 2 is bound and carried in the RBCs as carbamino haemoglobin.
CO 2 + H 6 ⇌ H 6 CO 2
* About 70% of CO 2 is transported as bicarbonate ions.
* At the tisoues the PCO 2 is high due to catabolism and diffuses in the blood to form HCO – 3 and H +
* When CO 2 diffuses into RBCs it combines with water forming carbonic acid catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase.
* Carbonic acid is dissociated into hydrogen and bicarbonate.
* Every 100 ml of deoxygenated blood delivers 4ml CO 2 to the alveoli for elimination.

Answer:

Q.8Describe the process of regulation of respriation.v

Solution

Medulla oblongata is a repiratory regulation centre.
The pneumotaxic centre present in the pons varoli is the respiratory rhythm centre.
The chemosensitive area found close to the rhythm centre is highly sensitive to CO 2 and H +
H + are eliminated out by respiratory process.
Receptiors associated with the aortic arch and carotid artery send signals to the rhythm centre for remedial action.

Answer:

Medulla oblongata is a repiratory regulation centre.
The pneumotaxic centre present in the pons varoli is the respiratory rhythm centre.
The chemosensitive area found close to the rhythm centre is highly sensitive to CO 2 and H +
H + are eliminated out by respiratory process.
Receptiors associated with the aortic arch and carotid artery send signals to the rhythm centre for remedial action.

Q.9Write an essay on respiratory disorders.v

Solution

The respiratory system is affected by environmental occupational personal and social factors.
Following are some of the respiratory disorders:
Asthma: It is characterized by narrowing and inflammation of bronchi and bronchioles and difficulty in breathing.
Causes: Allergens like dust drugs pollen grains, certain food items like fish.
Emphysema: It is chronic breathlessness. It is caused by gradual breakdown of the thin wall of the alveoli decreasing the total surface area of a gaseous exchange.
Causes: The widening of the alveoli is called Emphysema.
Cigarette smoking reduces the respiratory surface of the alveolar walls.
Bronchitis: It is the inflammation of the bronchi.
Causes: Pollution smoke ciagratte smoking.
Symptoms: Cough shortness of breath sputum in the lungs.
Pneumonia: It is the inflammation of the lungs.
Causes: Bacteria and virus
Symptoms
* Sputum production Nasal congestion, Shortness of breath sore throat.
* Tuberculosis
Causes
* Tuberculosis is caused by mycobacterium tubercular.
* Infection mainly occurs in the lungs and bones.
Symptoms
Collection of fluid between the lungs and the chest wall is the main complication of this

Answer:

Q.10List the ill effects of smoking.v

Solution

It increases the heartbeat rate.
It narrows the blood vessels results in raised blood pressure and leads to coronary heart diseases.
Smoking can cause lung diseases by damaging the airways and alveoli and results in emphysema and chronic bronchitis.

Answer:

It increases the heartbeat rate.
It narrows the blood vessels results in raised blood pressure and leads to coronary heart diseases.
Smoking can cause lung diseases by damaging the airways and alveoli and results in emphysema and chronic bronchitis.

Q.11Tabulate the organism. respiratary organs and thev

Solution

ORGANISMS
RESPIRATORY ORGANS
1. Sponges, Coelenterates
Body surface
2. Earth worm
The moist skin
3. Insects
Trachea
4. Aquatic Arthropods mollusca
Gills
5. Fishes
Gills
6. Amphibians, Reptiles Aves mammals
Lungs
7. Frog
Lungs, Moist skin

Answer:

Q.12What are the steps involved in the respiratory process?v

Solution

Steps involved in respiration are
* The exchange of air between the atmosphere and the lungs.
* The exchange of O 2 and CO 2 between the lungs and the blood.
* Transport of O 2 and CO 2 by the blood.
* Exchange of gases between the blood and the cells.
* Intake of O 2 by the cells for various activities and release of CO 2

Answer:

Q.13Tabulate the disorders of respiratory system.v

Solution

Disorders
Symptoms
1. Pulmonary Embolism
Blood clot occurs in the lung
2. Bronchitis
Inflammation of the lining of your bronchial tubes
3. Asthma
Swelling and narrowing of air ways and there is excess secretion of mucus.
4. Lung cancer
Smoking causes cancer
5. Pneumonia
Inflammation of lungs affecting alveoli
6. Pulmonary edema
fluid accumulation of the tissue and air spaces of lung.
7. Emphysema
Shortness of breath due to widening of alveoli
8. Atelectasis
Alveoliand lungs get deflated
9. Tuberculosis
It affects lungs and bones and effasion (fluid accumulation in the lungs)
10. Pleurisy
Pleura becomes inflammed

Answer:

Q.14List the problems in oxygen transport.v

Solution

* When a person travels from sea level to elevations above 8000 ft there is a poor binding of O 2 with haemoglobin.
* There is a symptom of headache shortness of breath nausea and dizziness develop. (Acute mountain sickness)
* To overcome this situation kidneys accelerate the production of the hormone erythropoietin which stimulates the synthesis of RBCs.
II. Inthedeepsea
* When a person descends deep in to the sea the pressure in the water increases which causes the lungs to decrease in volume.
* There is an increased nitrogen level in the blood lead to nitrogen narcosis.
* When the diver ascends to the surface a condition called decompression sickness occurs. As nitrogen comes out of solution while still in the blood-forming bubbles.
* The large bubbles can block the blood flowor can press on the nerve ending. This also causes pain in joints, muscles and causes neurological problems.

Answer:

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