d) Agro-forestry is an integration of trees, animals, water bodies and humans. This statement is incorrect because agroforestry is specifically defined as the integration of trees with crops and livestock on the same land, not necessarily with water bodies and humans as primary components. Agroforestry focuses on the deliberate combination of woody plants with agricultural crops and pasture systems to optimize land use and productivity. Tank foreshore plantations have indeed been a major source of firewood in Tamil Nadu (option a is correct). The silvopasture system correctly refers to the production of woody plants combined with pasture (option b is correct). Trees do provide microclimate for crops and maintain the oxygen-carbon dioxide balance in the atmosphere (option c is correct). Therefore, option d represents the incorrect statement about agroforestry.
c) Redesigning landfill dumps to allow methane to be collected. This option would most likely help to slow down the greenhouse effect because methane is a potent greenhouse gas that contributes significantly to global warming. By collecting methane from landfills before it is released into the atmosphere, the amount of this greenhouse gas entering the environment is reduced, thereby decreasing its contribution to the greenhouse effect. Converting tropical forests into grazing land for cattle (option a) would worsen the greenhouse effect by removing carbon-sequestering trees and increasing methane emissions from cattle. Burying excess paper packing to ashes (option b) does not address greenhouse gas emissions effectively. Promoting private transport rather than public transport (option d) would increase overall emissions and worsen the greenhouse effect, as private vehicles produce more emissions per person than public transportation.
a) Statement A is correct and Statement B is wrong. Eichhornia crassipes, commonly known as water hyacinth, does drain off oxygen from water bodies and is characteristically seen growing in standing water, making Statement A correct. However, Eichhornia is not an indigenous species of India; it is an invasive aquatic plant that originated from South America and was introduced to India, making Statement B incorrect. Therefore, option a accurately reflects that Statement A is correct while Statement B is wrong.
The wrongly matched pair is (e) Alien sp. of India – Water hyacinth. Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) is indeed an invasive alien species in India, causing significant ecological and economic problems. However, the question asks to find the wrongly matched pair, implying that one of the other options might be incorrect or less accurate as a representation of the category. Let's re-examine the options: a) Endemism is correctly defined as species confined to a specific region. b) Western Ghats are a well-known biodiversity hotspot. c) Zoological parks are a form of ex-situ conservation. d) Sacred groves are traditional conservation areas, and while Saintri Hills in Rajasthan might be an example, sacred groves are found in various parts of India, often associated with religious beliefs. Given that water hyacinth is a classic example of an invasive alien species detrimental to Indian ecosystems, option (e) is correctly matched. If there's an error, it might lie in the specific example for sacred groves, but water hyacinth is definitively an alien species. Assuming the question intends to find a *correctly* matched pair that is presented as *wrong*, or a *truly* wrongly matched pair, and knowing water hyacinth is a prime example of an alien species, there might be a misunderstanding in the question's premise or the provided options. However, based on standard biological definitions, option (e) is a correct association, not a wrongly matched pair. If forced to choose a 'wrongly matched pair' from the given options, and assuming there must be one, there might be a subtle inaccuracy in another option not immediately apparent, or the question itself is flawed. However, if the intent is to identify an incorrect statement or match, and all others are factually correct, then the premise of the question is flawed. In the context of typical multiple-choice questions of this nature, it's most probable that the question expects the identification of a factually incorrect statement or pairing. Since water hyacinth is a textbook example of an invasive alien species in India, option (e) is a correct statement. Therefore, if this is indeed the 'wrongly matched pair', the question is fundamentally flawed. However, if we interpret 'wrongly matched pair' as the one that is *not* a good example or is debatable, it's still difficult to pinpoint without further context. Given the provided answer is 'e', it implies that the question setter considered 'Alien sp. of India – Water hyacinth' to be wrongly matched, which contradicts established biological facts. Assuming there's a typo and the question meant to ask for the *correctly* matched pair, then (a), (b), (c), and (d) are generally correct examples, and (e) is also a correct example. If the question is indeed asking for a wrongly matched pair, and the provided answer is (e), then the question is factually incorrect in its premise.
d) Ozone.
b) CFC S and N 2 O.
d) habitat destruction.
d) removal of plants and trees.
a) Quick nutrient cycling.
c) Dobson
c) Appiko movement.
a) Sesbania and Acacia.
The ozone hole is the decline in the thickness of the ozone layer over a restricted area, typically observed over the polar regions, particularly Antarctica. It represents a significant depletion of stratospheric ozone caused primarily by the release of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and other ozone-depleting substances into the atmosphere. These chemicals, when exposed to ultraviolet radiation in the stratosphere, release chlorine atoms that catalytically destroy ozone molecules. The ozone hole is most pronounced during spring in polar regions and has serious implications for life on Earth, as the ozone layer protects organisms from harmful ultraviolet radiation.
Commercial agroforestry includes several tree species cultivated for economic benefits. Casuarina is widely planted for timber and firewood production. Eucalyptus is cultivated for pulpwood, timber, and fuel. Malai vembu (neem) is grown for its medicinal properties and pest control benefits. Teak is valued for high-quality timber used in furniture and construction. Kadambu is another commercially important tree species used in agroforestry systems. These trees are integrated with agricultural crops and pasture systems to provide multiple economic returns while improving soil quality and providing environmental benefits.
CCS – Carbon capture and storage.
* Carbon capture and storage is a technology of capturing carbon dioxide and inject it deep into the underground rocks at a depth of 1 km (or) more.
* It is an approach to mitigate global warming.
Example:
* It is capturing CO 2 released from industries and power plants.
* Such as declining oil fields, gas fields saline aquifers and unmineable coal have been suggested as storage sites.
* Various safe sites have been selected for permanent storage.
* liquid storage in ocean and solid storage by reduction of CO 2 with metal oxide to produce stable carbonates.
* It is also known as Geological sequestration.
- Forest regulate co2 levels in the atmosphere.
- If greater the forest area more CO 2 is removed and the impact of global climate change is decreased.
- They regulate ecosystem, protect biodiversity, play an integral part in the carbon cycle.
- In the tropics water evaporates naturally from trees, increasing cloud cover and keeping temperature cooling.
Sacred groves are patches or groves of cultivated trees that are community protected and based on strong religious belief systems, usually having significant religious connotation for protecting the community. Each grove is typically considered an abode of a deity, most often a village god or goddess such as Aiyanar or Amman. These groves help conserve biodiversity in several important ways. They serve as refugia for native plant and animal species, protecting them from habitat destruction and human exploitation. Sacred groves maintain genetic diversity by preserving indigenous flora and fauna in their natural state. They provide ecosystem services to neighboring communities including watershed protection, which maintains water availability and quality. These groves supply fodder for livestock, medicinal plants for traditional medicine, and help maintain microclimate control in surrounding areas. In Tamil Nadu, 448 sacred groves have been documented, and detailed floristic and faunistic studies of six groves including Banagudi shola, Thirukurungudi, Udaiyankudikadu, Sittanavasal, Puthupet, and Devadanam have revealed their rich biodiversity. The religious and cultural significance of these groves ensures their long-term protection and management by local communities, making them effective conservation areas that preserve biodiversity while maintaining cultural heritage.
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is the most abundant among the common greenhouse gases. While essential for photosynthesis, elevated levels of CO2 can significantly impact plant growth and agricultural productivity. In tropical regions, higher temperatures associated with increased CO2 can lead to low agricultural productivity. Frequent heat waves create conditions favorable for weeds, pests, and fungi, further stressing crops. The proliferation of vectors and epidemics can also increase. Furthermore, strong storms and intense floods cause significant damage to agricultural lands and infrastructure. Water scarcity and reduced irrigation availability become more prevalent, impacting crop yields. Changes in flowering seasons and the availability of pollinators can disrupt reproductive cycles. Species may experience shifts in their distributional ranges as they attempt to adapt to changing climatic conditions, and in some cases, this can lead to species extinction.
Rainwater harvesting is the accumulation and storage of rain water for reuse in-site rather than allowing it to run off. Rainwater can be collected from rivers, roof tops and the water collected is directed to a deep pit. The water percolates and gets stored in the pit. RWH is a sustainable water management practice implemented not only in urban area but also in agricultural fields, which is an important economical cost effective method for the future. Environmental benefits of Rain Water Harvesting:
* Promotes adequacy of underground water and water conservation.
* Mitigates the effect of drought.
* Reduces soil erosion as surface run-off is reduced.
* Reduces flood hazards.
* Improves groundwater quality and water table / decreases salinity.
* No land is wasted for storage purpose and no population displacement is involved.
* Storing water underground is an eco-friendly measure and a part of sustainable water storage strategy for local communities.
Afforestation:
* Afforestation is planting of trees where there was no previous tree coverage and the conversion of non-forested lands into forests by planting suitable trees to retrieve the vegetation.
* Example: Slopes of dams afforested to reduce water run-off, erosion and siltation. It can also provide a range of environmental services including carbon sequestration, water retention.
The Man who Single-Handedly Created a Dense Forest
* Jadav “Molai” Payeng (born 1963) is an environmental activist has single-handedly planted a forest in the middle of a barren wasteland.
* This Forest Man of India has transformed the world’s largest river island, Majuli, located on one of India’s major rivers, the Brahmaputra, into a dense forest, home to rhinos, deers, elephants, tigers and birds. And today his forest is larger than Central Park.
* Former vice-chancellor of Jawahar Lai Nehru University, Sudhir Kumar Sopory named Jadav Payeng as Forest Man of India, in the month of October 2013.
* He was honoured at the Indian Institute of Forest Management during their annual event ‘Coalescence1.
* In 2015, he was honoured with Padma Shri, the fourth highest civilian award in India.
* He received honorary doctorate degree from Assam Agricultural University and Kaziranga University for his contributions.
Tamil Nadu Afforestation project TAP I:
TaP I
objectives:
* It aimed to uplight the quality and life of villagers, abutting forest areas.
* It is resolve the degraded forests in Tamil Nadu
Tap II
objectives
* To restore the ecological equilibrium of the forests, watersheds and adjacent villages of Tamil Nadu.
* To improve the quality of the life of inhabitants through reforestation. Water conservation and sustained community action.
Effects of deforestation:
* Burning of forest wood release stored carbon, a negative impact just opposite of carbon sequestration.
* Trees and plants bind the soil particles. The removal of forest cover increases soil erosion and decreases soil fertility. Deforestation in dry areas leads to the formation of deserts.
* The amount of runoff water increases soil erosion and also creates flash flooding, thus reducing moisture and humidity.
* The alteration of local precipitation patterns leading to drought conditions in many regions. It triggers adverse climatic conditions and alters water cycle in ecosystem.
* It decreases the bio-diversity significantly as their habitats are disturbed and disruption of natural cycles.
* Loss of livelihood for forest dwellers and rural people.
* Increased global warming and account for one-third of total CO 2 emission.
* Loss of life support resources, fuel, medicinal herbs and wild edible fruits.
Benefits of agroforestry:
* It is an answer to the problem of soil and water conservation and also to stabilise the soil (salinity and water table) reduce landslide and water run-off problem.
* Nutrient cycling between species improves and organic matter is maintained.
* Trees provide micro climate for crops and maintain CO 2 balanced, atmospheric temperature and relative humidity.
* Suitable for dry land where rainfall is minimum and hence it is a good system for alternate land use pattern.
* Multipurpose tree varieties like Acacia are used for wood pulp, tanning, paper and firewood – industries.
* Agro-forestry is recommended for the following purposes. It can be used as Farm Forestry for the extension of forests, mixed forestry, shelter belts and linear strip plantation.
12th Bio Botany Guide Environmental Issues Additional Important Questions and Answers
I. Match
a) A – 4,B – 3, C – 1, D – 2
b) A – 2, B – 1, C – 4, D – 3
a) A – 3, B – 1, C – 4, D – 2
II. State True or False and choose the correct option
b) A – T, B – F, C – T, D – T. Statement A is true because Eichhornia crassipes (water hyacinth) is an invasive aquatic plant that depletes oxygen content in water bodies, creating hypoxic conditions harmful to aquatic life. Statement B is false because Prosopis juliflora (mesquite) is an invasive species that depletes soil nutrients and inhibits the growth of important local species rather than enriching soil nutrients. Statement C is true because Petunia and chrysanthemum are recognized as nitrate phytoindicators, plants that accumulate high levels of nitrates and can be used to assess nitrogen pollution in environments. Statement D is true because Robinia pseudoacacia is an indicator species for heavy metal contamination, as it accumulates heavy metals in its tissues and can be used to monitor soil and environmental contamination levels.
d) Diminishing the functioning of immune system is not related to ozone depletion. This is the incorrect statement because ozone depletion is directly related to diminishing immune system function. Increased ultraviolet radiation resulting from ozone depletion suppresses the immune system in both humans and animals, reducing their ability to fight infections and diseases. Option a is correct as ozone depletion causes juvenile mortality of animals and increases the incidence of mutations due to increased UV exposure. Option b is correct as ozone depletion increases the incidence of cataracts, throat and lung irritation, emphysema, and skin cancer in humans. Option c is correct as ozone depletion contributes to climate change effects including floods, droughts, sea level rise, and ecosystem imbalances affecting flora and fauna. Therefore, option d is the incorrect statement because immune system suppression is indeed a well-established effect of ozone depletion.
b) and d)
V. Pick out the odd one out and give Reason
The incorrect pair is D) Social forestry-Jadav Molaipayeng. While Jadav Molaipayeng is indeed a renowned figure associated with social forestry and environmental conservation in India, known for his efforts in afforestation, the other pairs are correctly matched. Protein Bank refers to fodder production systems that store nutritious plant material for livestock. Livefence and foddertree correctly refer to Erythrina species, which are multipurpose trees used as live fences and for fodder. Agroforestry correctly represents the extension of forest practices and mixed forestry systems where trees are integrated with crops and livestock. Therefore, option D is the incorrect pairing among the given choices.
The correct answer is a) Remote sensing, while others are related to biodiversity conservation. Remote sensing is a technique that uses satellite imagery and aerial photography to detect and monitor physical characteristics of an area from a distance. In-situ conservation, ex-situ conservation, national parks, and biosphere reserves are all direct methods and strategies employed for the conservation and protection of biodiversity. Remote sensing serves as a tool to support these conservation efforts by providing data and monitoring capabilities, but it is not itself a biodiversity conservation method like the others listed.
The correct answer is b) Carbon sink, while others are related to benefits of rainwater harvesting. Rainwater harvesting systems provide multiple environmental and hydrological benefits including reduction of flood hazards, decreased salinity in soil, and reduced soil erosion. These are direct advantages of implementing rainwater harvesting techniques. Carbon sink, however, refers to the capacity of forests, wetlands, and other ecosystems to absorb and store carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, which is a broader ecological benefit not specifically related to rainwater harvesting systems themselves.
The correct answer is c) Gladiolus, while others are indicators for SO₂ pollution. Lichens, Ficus, and Pinus are well-established bioindicators of sulfur dioxide pollution in the atmosphere. These organisms are sensitive to SO₂ and show visible damage or reduced growth when exposed to high concentrations of this air pollutant. Gladiolus, on the other hand, is recognized as a bioindicator for heavy metal pollution in soil and air, particularly for detecting the presence of heavy metals like lead and cadmium. Therefore, Gladiolus differs from the other organisms listed, which are all SO₂ pollution indicators.
The diagram shows the percentage distribution of major greenhouse gases. Based on the typical composition and contribution to the greenhouse effect, Carbon Dioxide (CO2) is the most significant contributor due to its abundance and longevity in the atmosphere. Methane (CH4) is another potent greenhouse gas, although present in lower concentrations than CO2. Other gases like Nitrous Oxide (N2O) and fluorinated gases (like CFCs) also contribute, but often in smaller percentages. The question asks to identify the greenhouse gas related to its percentage, implying a need to associate specific gases with their relative atmospheric abundance or warming potential. Without the actual diagram, it's difficult to be precise, but generally, CO2 constitutes the largest percentage among the commonly discussed greenhouse gases.
c) A is correct and R is the correct explanation for A.
b) A and R is correct
VIII. Spot the error
Biosphere reserves, national parks, and wildlife sanctuaries represent different levels and approaches to biodiversity conservation, though they are all government-protected areas. Biosphere reserves are large designated areas that combine strict nature reserves with buffer zones and transition zones, allowing both conservation and sustainable use of resources while supporting research and education. National parks are protected areas established to preserve ecosystems, wildlife, and natural features of scientific and recreational importance, with restricted human activities. Wildlife sanctuaries are areas designated primarily for the protection and conservation of specific wildlife species and their habitats, with some regulated human use permitted. While these are primarily government-protected conservation areas, they also increasingly involve community participation and local stakeholder engagement in their management and protection, making them increasingly community-oriented in their implementation and success.
a) Phytoplankton – 1) eutrophication
XI. Fill in the blanks Answers
1. ………………. is another long term method to store carbon.
Biochar
2. …………………. is the total amount of green house gases produced by human activated.
Carbon foot print
3. Eating indigenous fruits and products are reduce ………………
Carbon foot print
4. The forest, soil, ocean are …………………. and landfills are ………….. sinks.
Natural, artificia
Dobson unit
5. The thickness of the ozone column of air is measured in terms of ………………
Chloro fluro carban
6. …………………. is the anthropogenic greenhouse gas.
Tank Foreshore
7. _____ plantations have been a major source of fire wood in Tamilnadu.
Plantations
8. World ozone Day is celebrated on ……………….
September 16
XII Choose the correct option
a) Eichhornia crassipes
a) Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)
b) Malaivembu, Kadambu
d) Increasing the number of animals.
c) Carbon sequestration
c) 448
a) Endemic
c) endemic.
a) Western ghats.
d) Khasi hills
c) CO 2
b) Carbon
b) Eichhornia crassipes
b) Environmental Impact assessment
b) GPS
c) Disaster management
The correct answer is a) The balance between photosynthesis and respiration is disturbed. Carbon sequestration is indeed an effective solution for mitigating global warming. It works by removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and storing it in biomass, soil, and other carbon sinks. When photosynthesis exceeds respiration in plants and ecosystems, there is a net removal of CO₂ from the atmosphere, which helps reduce greenhouse gas concentrations. Carbon sequestration through reforestation, afforestation, and improved forest management practices increases the absorption of atmospheric carbon dioxide, thereby helping to address the problem of global warming and climate change.
The correct answer is b) Development of forest in an area which was already subject to deforestation. Reforestation is the process of replanting and restoring forest cover in areas that have been previously deforested or cleared of trees. This involves the deliberate planting and establishment of trees in regions where forests have been removed due to logging, agriculture, urbanization, or other human activities. Reforestation differs from afforestation, which is the development of forests in areas that were not recently forested. The primary goal of reforestation is to restore forest ecosystems, improve environmental conditions, sequester carbon, and provide economic and social benefits to communities.
c) Eichhornia crassipes.
c) N 2 O
c) Bad Ozone
a) Gliricidia sepium
c) green house
c) bad zone, good zone
a) Least
a) more
c) Both (a) and (b)
d) all the above
b) Endemic
b) Invasive
c) Social forestry
a) Invasive species
b) Plant indicators
a) Montreal Protocol
XIII. Two Marks
- Green House effect is a process by which radiant heat from the sun is captured by gas in the atmosphere that increase the temperature of the earth.
- The gases that capture the heat are called Green Hosue gases includes CO 2, CH 4, N 2 O and CFC.
- Green House effect is a process by which radiant heat from the sun is captured by gas in the atmosphere that increase the temperature of the earth.
- The gases that capture the heat are called Green House gases includes CO 2, CH 4 4, N 2 Oand CFC
Yes, clouds and dust particles can contribute to the greenhouse effect, making humid nights warmer than clear, dust-free, dry nights. Clouds, composed of water droplets or ice crystals, act like a blanket, trapping outgoing infrared radiation from the Earth's surface and re-emitting some of it back down, thus reducing heat loss. Dust particles, especially fine ones, can also absorb and scatter solar radiation and trap terrestrial heat. This phenomenon is a component of what is known as global warming. Global warming refers to the long-term increase in the Earth's average temperature due to the enhanced greenhouse effect caused by increased concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
Bad ozone and good ozone differ significantly in their location and effects on life. Bad ozone, also called tropospheric ozone, is found in the lower atmosphere near the Earth's surface where human activities occur. This ozone is a harmful air pollutant formed from reactions between nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds in the presence of sunlight. Bad ozone does not protect life from ultraviolet radiation and instead causes respiratory problems, reduces crop yields, and damages materials. Good ozone, also called stratospheric ozone, exists in the upper atmosphere in the ozone layer approximately 15 to 35 kilometers above Earth's surface. This ozone acts as a protective shield by absorbing harmful ultraviolet radiation from the sun, preventing it from reaching the Earth's surface. Good ozone is essential for protecting all life forms from the damaging effects of UV radiation, which can cause skin cancer, cataracts, and immune system damage in humans, and harm marine ecosystems and plant life.
- The colour view of total ozone indicating the least ozone part and more ozone part.
- The purple and blue colours are where there is the least ozone.
- The yellows and reads are where there is more ozone.
- UVB radiation destroys biomolecules (skin aging) and damaging living tissues.
- UV radiation causing DNA damage, enhancing skin cancer.
- No. If the ozone chield is damaged by the chlorofluoro carbon widely used in refrigeration, aerosol, chemicals used as cleaners in industries.
- The decline in the thickness of the ozone layer over restricted area is called ozone hole.
The main objectives of the Montreal Protocol are to gradually phase out the production and consumption of ozone-depleting substances, particularly chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), halons, and other chemicals that damage the stratospheric ozone layer. The protocol aims to limit and eventually eliminate the release of these substances into the atmosphere to prevent further depletion of the ozone layer and reduce the formation of the ozone hole. By controlling these harmful chemicals, the Montreal Protocol seeks to protect human health from increased ultraviolet radiation exposure and preserve the ozone layer's critical protective function for all life on Earth.
- Agroforestry is an integration of trees crops and livestock on the same plot of land.
- The main objective is on the interaction among them.
- The production of wood plants combined with pasture is referred to silvopasture system.
- The trees and shrubs may be used primarily to produce fodder for livestock (or) grown for timber, fuel wood and fruit (or) to improve the soil.
Agroforestry and social forestry are distinct approaches to sustainable land and forest management with different focuses and objectives. Agroforestry is the integration of trees, crops, and livestock on the same plot of land to create a diversified and productive system. The main objective of agroforestry is to optimize the interactions and complementary relationships among trees, crops, and animals to increase overall productivity, improve soil fertility, enhance biodiversity, and provide multiple products and income sources for farmers. Social forestry, on the other hand, is the sustainable management and development of forests by local communities, government agencies, and other stakeholders with emphasis on meeting community needs. The main objectives of social forestry include carbon sequestration, pollution reduction, combating deforestation, forest restoration, providing employment opportunities, and improving the livelihoods of local communities. While agroforestry focuses on integrating trees with agriculture on farmland, social forestry emphasizes community-based forest management and environmental restoration at a broader landscape scale.
- The conversion of forest into agricultural plantation and livestock ranching is a major cause of deforestation.
- Developmental activities like road construction electric tower lines and dams.
- Former vice Chancellor of Jawaharlal Nehru University Sudhir Kumar named Jadav payeng as Forest Man of India.
- He has transformed the world’s largest river island Majuli (located on river of Brahmaputra) into dense forest, home to rhinos, deers, elephants, tigers and birds.
An invasive species is a non-native organism that is introduced into an ecosystem, either intentionally or unintentionally, and becomes established in the new environment. Once established, invasive species spread naturally and rapidly through the ecosystem, often outcompeting native species for resources such as food, water, and space. Invasive species pose serious threats to native biodiversity by disrupting ecological balance, altering habitat structure, and reducing the survival and reproduction of native species. They can cause significant economic losses through damage to agriculture, forestry, fisheries, and infrastructure. Examples of invasive species include water hyacinth in aquatic ecosystems, lantana in terrestrial ecosystems, and various introduced predators that prey on native fauna. The establishment and spread of invasive species is considered one of the major threats to biodiversity conservation globally.
Conservation movement signifies the importance and necessity of community-level participation in the preservation and conservation of the environment. It represents a collective effort by local communities, organizations, and individuals to protect natural resources, biodiversity, and ecosystems from degradation and destruction. The conservation movement emphasizes that environmental protection cannot be achieved through government action alone, but requires active involvement and commitment from communities who live in and depend upon these environments. Through conservation movements, communities engage in activities such as tree planting, wildlife protection, habitat restoration, and sustainable resource management. These grassroots efforts demonstrate that when local people are empowered and involved in decision-making processes, they become effective stewards of their environment, leading to more sustainable and successful conservation outcomes.
- > Main aim of chipko movement was to give a slogan of Five – Fs. food, fodder, fuel, fibre and fertilizer.
- > It make the communities self sufficiency in their basic needs.
- There are called scared groves.
- The patches (or) grove of cultivated trees which are community protected and based on religeous belief system.
- There are 448 groves were documented through out Tamilnadu.
- It is another Long term method to store carbon.
- Plants are partly burnt such as crop waste woods to become carbon rich slow decomposing substances called Biochar.
Carbon footprint is the total amount of greenhouse gases, primarily carbon dioxide and methane, produced directly or indirectly by human activities. These activities include agriculture, industrial processes, deforestation, waste disposal, and the burning of fossil fuels. The carbon footprint measures the environmental impact of human actions in terms of the equivalent amount of carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere. It encompasses both direct emissions from activities like driving vehicles and using electricity, as well as indirect emissions from the production and transportation of goods and services we consume.
- Benefit are healthier environment.
- Maintenance of bio diversity
- Decreased resource usage.
- Reduction in gas emission and environment damage.
Biomonitoring is the act of observing, assessing, and monitoring the current state and ongoing changes in various ecosystem components. It involves the systematic observation of biodiversity components, landscape features including natural habitats, and population and species dynamics within an ecosystem. Biomonitoring serves as a tool to track environmental health and detect changes in ecological conditions over time. It helps in understanding the impacts of human activities on natural systems and provides data necessary for conservation and management decisions. By regularly monitoring these parameters, scientists and environmental managers can identify trends, assess ecosystem stability, and implement appropriate conservation strategies.
- Agricultural drone is an unmanned aerial vehicle to help increased crop production and monitor crop, growth.
- Farmers can see their fields from the sky.
- This bird’s – eye – view instrument can reveal many issues such as irrigation problems, soil variation pest and fungal infestations
- It is also used for cost effective safe method of spraying pesticides and fertilizers.
- GIS is a computer system for capturing storing, checking, and displaying data related to positions on earths surface.
- Also manipulate, analyse, manage and present special (or) geographic data.
The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a satellite-based navigation system that provides critical information about geographic location and time to a receiver anywhere on or near the Earth. It utilizes a constellation of approximately 30 well-spaced satellites orbiting the Earth. These satellites continuously transmit signals that allow GPS receivers to calculate their precise position through trilateration. The scope of GPS is vast and impacts numerous fields. In mining and surveying, it enables accurate mapping and site selection. In agriculture, it facilitates precision farming, optimizing planting, fertilization, and harvesting. In marine ecosystems, GPS is essential for navigation, charting, and research. It is also widely used in transportation, logistics, disaster management, and personal navigation, making it an indispensable technology for determining ground position and facilitating various operations.
Remote sensing is the process of detecting and monitoring the physical characteristics of an area by measuring its reflected and emitted radiation at a distance from the target area. This technology provides an exact picture and detailed data for identification ranging from a single tree to large areas and wildlife for classification and mapping purposes. Remote sensing utilizes satellites, aircraft, and drones equipped with sensors that capture information across various wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum. This data can be processed and analyzed to create detailed maps, monitor land use changes, assess vegetation health, track deforestation, and identify biodiversity hotspots. Remote sensing is particularly valuable for monitoring large and inaccessible areas, providing cost-effective and timely information for environmental assessment and management without the need for extensive ground surveys.
- The gases that capture heat are called Green house gases.
- Which includes CO 2, CH 4, Nitrous oxide (N 2 O) chioro fluoro carbon.
When you buy imported fruits like kiwi, it indirectly increases your carbon footprint because the fruit has travelled a long distance through shipping or airlines, thereby emitting tons of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. The transportation of perishable goods across continents requires significant energy consumption, whether by air freight or maritime shipping, both of which are carbon-intensive processes. Additionally, the fruit must be kept refrigerated during transport, further increasing energy use and emissions. The packaging materials and handling processes also contribute to the overall carbon footprint. By consuming locally produced fruits instead, you can significantly reduce the carbon emissions associated with long-distance transportation.
- Eichhornia crassipes
- Prosopisjuliflora
- parthenium hysterophorus
A carbon sink is any system or reservoir that has the capacity to accumulate and store more atmospheric carbon dioxide during a given time interval than it releases back into the atmosphere. Carbon sinks play a crucial role in mitigating climate change by removing carbon dioxide from the air and sequestering it for extended periods. Natural carbon sinks include forests, which absorb CO2 through photosynthesis and store it in biomass; soils, which accumulate organic carbon; and oceans, which dissolve and store large quantities of carbon dioxide. These natural sinks are essential components of the global carbon cycle. Artificial or human-made carbon sinks include landfills, where organic matter decomposes and carbon is stored, and engineered systems designed specifically for carbon capture and storage. The effectiveness of carbon sinks in reducing atmospheric CO2 levels makes them important considerations in climate change mitigation strategies.
- Increase in green house gases leads to irreversible changes in ecosystem and climatic patterns.
- eg:- Coral bleaching observed in Gulf of mannen Tamilnadu. [coral system is affected by increase in temperature]
- Rise in global temperature which causes sea levels to rise as polar ice caps and glaciers begin to melt causing submergence of many coastal cities in many parts of the world.
- There will be drastic change in whether patterns bringing more floods (or) droughts in some areas
- Biological diversity may get modified.
- Drastic increase in population resulted in demand for more productivity of food, fibres fuels.
- Which led to many environmental issues in agriculture, land use modification resulting in loss of biodiversity, land degradation reducing in fresh water availability resulting man mode global warming.
- Increasing the vegetation cover, grow more trees.
- Reducing the use of fossil fuels and green house gases.
- Minimising use of nitrogenous fertilizers and aerosols.
The ozone layer is known as the ozone shield because it is a region of Earth's stratosphere that absorbs most of the sun's ultraviolet radiation, particularly UV-B and UV-C rays. This absorption protects life on Earth's surface from the harmful effects of excessive ultraviolet radiation, which can cause skin cancer, cataracts, immune system damage, and harm to marine ecosystems and crops. By acting as a protective barrier or shield against these dangerous radiations, the ozone layer plays a vital role in maintaining the conditions necessary for life on Earth.
- DU is the unit of measurement for total ozone.
- One DU (0.001 atm.cm) is the number of molecules of ozone that would be required to create a layer of pure ozone 0.01 mm thick at a temperature of 0°C and a pressure of atmosphere.
- Total ozone layer over the earth surface is 0.3 centimetres (3mm) thick and is writtern can we ozone
- It is not very strong layer but it will contribute blue colour to the sky even at the very low concentration.
- We can visualize by using satellites.
- During 1970’s research findings indicated that man – made chlorofluoro carbons reduce and convert ozone molecules in the atmosphere.
- Vienna conference provided the frame works necessary to create regulative measures in the form of Montreal protocol to climate production and consumption of ozone depleting substances.
- The international treaty called the Montreal protocol (1987) was held in Canada on substances that deplete ozone layer.
- The main goal of it is gradually eliminating the production and consumption of ozone depleting substances and to limit their damage on the earth ozone layer.
The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), as established under the Kyoto Protocol, is a project-based mechanism designed to achieve two primary objectives: preventing dangerous climate change and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. It allows developed countries to implement emission-reduction projects in developing countries and earn certified emission reduction (CER) credits, which can be counted towards meeting their emission reduction targets. This mechanism not only helps countries reduce or limit their emissions but also stimulates sustainable development in the host countries by promoting technology transfer and investment. An example of a CDM project would be the replacement of conventional, fossil fuel-based electrification projects with renewable energy sources like solar panels or the implementation of energy-efficient boilers in industrial processes.
Protein banks and live fences of fodder trees and hedges serve different purposes in agricultural and pastoral systems. Protein banks consist of various multipurpose trees planted in and around farm lands and range lands, primarily for fodder production to supplement livestock nutrition and improve soil fertility. These trees are selected for their high protein content and nutritional value for animals. Live fences of fodder trees and hedges, on the other hand, are planted specifically to protect agricultural property and livestock from stray animals and intruders while also providing fodder as a secondary benefit. Examples of trees used in protein banks include Acacia nilotica, Azadirachta indica, and Albizzia lebbek, which are multipurpose species. Examples of trees used for live fences include Gliricidia sepium, Sesbania grandiflora, and various Acacia species, which are selected for their ability to form dense, protective barriers while also serving as fodder sources.
- It refers to the sustainable management of forests by local communities.
- de-pollution, deforestation, forest restoration and providing indirect employment.
- Its refers to the management of forests and afforestation of barren lands.
- Training on tree growing methods.
- Publicity and information regarding tree growing
- Raising and supply of seedlings on subsidy.
- Awareness creation among school children and youth about the importance of forests through training camps.
Forests, soils, and oceans are called natural carbon sinks because they have the inherent capacity to accumulate and store more atmospheric carbon dioxide during a given time interval than they release back into the atmosphere. Forests act as carbon sinks through the process of photosynthesis, where trees and vegetation absorb CO2 and convert it into biomass, storing carbon in wood, leaves, and roots. Soils accumulate carbon through the decomposition of organic matter and the storage of organic compounds in soil profiles. Oceans function as massive carbon sinks by dissolving CO2 from the atmosphere and storing it in water and sediments through various chemical and biological processes. These natural systems have evolved over millions of years to cycle and store carbon as part of the global carbon cycle. In contrast, artificial sinks such as landfills are human-engineered systems where carbon is stored through waste decomposition and engineered carbon capture technologies. The distinction between natural and artificial sinks is important for understanding both historical carbon cycling and modern climate change mitigation strategies.
- Its widespread growth affects the growth of phytoplanktons and finally changing the aquatic ecosystem.
- It also decreases the oxygen content of the water bodies which leads to eutrophication.
- It poses a threat to human health because it creates a breeding habitat for disease causing mosquitoes and snails.
The Chipko movement and Appiko movement are both important environmental conservation movements in India that protested against deforestation, but they differ in their origins, locations, and specific contexts. The Chipko movement began in the Himalayas when people, particularly tribal women, protested by hugging trees together to prevent them from being felled by a sports goods company. The movement grew to protest against the felling of trees, monoculture forest policies, and large-scale deforestation. It was later transformed and popularized by environmental activist Sunderlal Bahuguna, who gave it wider recognition and connected it to broader environmental and social issues. The Appiko movement, inspired by the Chipko movement, was started in Gubbi Gadde village near Sirsin in Karnataka by Pandurang Hedge. It followed similar principles of non-violent resistance to deforestation and aimed to protect forests from commercial exploitation. While both movements employed similar tactics of community participation and non-violent protest, the Chipko movement originated in the Himalayan region and focused on protecting mountain forests, whereas the Appiko movement emerged in the Western Ghats region of Karnataka and addressed deforestation issues specific to that area.
In-situ conservation and ex-situ conservation are two complementary approaches to biodiversity conservation that differ in their methods and applications. In-situ conservation involves the conservation and management of genetic resources in their natural habitat and ecosystem. This method protects species within their native environment, allowing them to maintain their ecological relationships and evolutionary processes. In-situ conservation includes the establishment of protected areas such as national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, and biosphere reserves where species and their habitats are legally protected from exploitation and habitat destruction. This approach is considered more effective for long-term conservation as it maintains ecological integrity and evolutionary potential. Ex-situ conservation, in contrast, is a method where species are protected and conserved outside their natural environment. This includes the establishment of botanical gardens, zoological parks, and various genetic repositories. Ex-situ conservation also encompasses the preservation of genetic material through techniques such as seed banking, pollen banking, tissue culture, and DNA banking. Ex-situ conservation is particularly valuable for species under immediate threat of extinction, for research purposes, and for maintaining genetic diversity when in-situ conservation is not feasible. Both approaches are essential and complementary, with in-situ conservation focusing on ecosystem-level protection and ex-situ conservation serving as a backup for endangered species and a source of genetic material for restoration efforts.
Geological sequestration is a method of carbon dioxide management and storage that involves the permanent or long-term storage of CO2 in geological formations. Various safe sites have been selected for different types of geological sequestration, including liquid storage of CO2 in deep ocean environments and solid storage achieved through the reduction and conversion of CO2 into stable mineral forms. This process aims to remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere or capture it from industrial sources and store it in ways that prevent its release back into the atmosphere for extended periods, thereby mitigating climate change. Geological sequestration represents an important carbon capture and storage technology in efforts to reduce atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations.
- A healthier environment.
- Maintenance of biodiversity
- Decrased resource usage.
- Reduction in gas emission and environment damage.
- It is an environmental management tool.
- It helps to regulate and recommend optimal use of natural resources with minimum impact on ecosystem and biotic communication.
Biodiversity impact assessment can be defined as a decision-supporting tool designed to help in biodiversity-related development planning and implementation. It is a systematic process used to evaluate the potential effects of proposed development projects, policies, or activities on biodiversity and ecosystem services. Biodiversity impact assessment helps identify potential negative impacts on species, habitats, and ecological processes before projects are implemented, allowing for the design of mitigation measures and alternative approaches that minimize harm to biodiversity. This tool is essential for sustainable development planning and ensures that economic development activities are balanced with environmental conservation objectives.
- Change in land use and cover
- Fragmentation and isolation
- External inputs such as emissions, effluents and chemicals impact on endemic and threatened flora and faura.
Methane is a potent greenhouse gas that is approximately 20 times more effective than carbon dioxide at trapping heat in the atmosphere over a 100-year period. The primary sources of methane production include paddy field cultivation, where anaerobic bacteria in waterlogged soils produce methane during rice growth; cattle rearing and other livestock digestion, which releases methane through enteric fermentation; bacteria present in various water bodies including wetlands and marshes; and fossil fuel production and extraction activities. Additional sources include ocean sediments, non-wetland soils under certain conditions, and forest or wild fires. Methane is released into the atmosphere through these various natural and anthropogenic pathways, contributing significantly to global warming and climate change. The concentration of atmospheric methane has been increasing due to human activities, making it a critical concern in environmental management and climate mitigation strategies.
- It is naturally produced in oceans from biological sources of soil and water due to microbial actions and rainforests.
- Man-made sources include nylon and nitric acid production, use of fertilizers in agriculture manures cars with catalytic converter and burning of organic matter.
Lakes are vital water bodies that offer numerous environmental, economic, and social benefits, significantly strengthening economies and enhancing the quality of life, including public health. As natural reservoirs, lakes store rainwater, providing a crucial source of drinking water and helping to replenish groundwater levels. They are critical for preserving freshwater biodiversity and maintaining the habitats of numerous aquatic and terrestrial species. In terms of ecosystem services, lakes play a significant role in water management, offering sustainable solutions to challenges posed by climatic influences. They contribute to nutrient retention, influence local rainfall patterns, aid in the removal of pollutants from the water, and sequester carbon, thereby mitigating climate change. Their presence also enhances aesthetic value and recreational opportunities.
Global Warming
* The increase in mean global temperature due to increased concentration of green house gases is called global warming.
Reasons for global warming
* Drastic increase in population resulted in demand for more productivity of foof, fibres fuels.
* Which led to many environmental issues in agriculture, land use modification resulting in loss of biodiversily, land degradation reduction in fresh water availanility resulting man made global warming.
green house gases
* The gases that capture heat are called Green house Gases.
* Which includes CO 2, CH 4, Nitrous oxide (N 2 O) and chlorofluoro carbon.
Human activities lead to produce the green house effect.
– Human activities lead to produce the green house effect by
* Buring fossil, which release CO 2 and CH 4
* Way of Agriculture and animal husbandry practice.
* Electrical gadgets like refrigerator and air conditioners release chloro fluoro carbons.
* The fertilizers used in Agriculture which release N 2 O
* The emissions from automoblies.
CO 2 (Carbon dioxide)
* Coal based power plants, by the burning of fossil fuels for electricity generation.
* Combustion of fuels in the engines of automoniles, commercial vehicles and air plances contribute the most of global warming.
* Agricultural practices like stubble burning result in emission of CO 2
* Natural from organic matter, volcanoes, warm oceans and sediments.
Methane
* Methane is 20 times as effective as CO 2 at trapping heat in the atomosphere.
* Its sources are paddv cultivations field cattle rearing, bacteria in water bodies, fossil fuel production, ocean, non-wetland soils and forest/ wild fires.
N 2 O (Nitrous oxide)
* It is naturally produced in Oceans from biological sources of soil and water due to microbial actions and rainforest.
* Man-made sources include nylon and nitric acid production, use of fertilizers in agriculture, manures, cars with catalytic com orter and burning of organic matter.
Global warming has profound effects on plants and the broader climate, leading to significant changes in ecosystems. In agriculture, it can result in low productivity, particularly in tropical regions, due to increased temperatures. Frequent heat waves create conditions conducive to the proliferation of weeds, pests, and fungi, which thrive in warmer environments and can devastate crops. The increased incidence of vectors and epidemics can further threaten plant health and agricultural output. Extreme weather events, such as strong storms and intense floods, cause significant damage to farmland and infrastructure. Water scarcity and reduced irrigation availability become more pronounced, impacting plant growth. Changes in flowering seasons and the synchrony with pollinators can disrupt plant reproduction. Furthermore, global warming causes shifts in species distributional ranges as plants attempt to adapt to changing climatic conditions, and in severe cases, this can lead to species extinction.
The presence or absence of certain plants, or their specific responses to environmental conditions, can indicate the state of the environment. This phenomenon is referred to as biological indication, or more specifically, phytoindication or plant indication. In this context, a plant species or a plant community acts as a bioindicator, providing a measure of environmental quality or specific pollutants. For example, lichens, certain species of Ficus, Pinus, and Rose are sensitive to sulfur dioxide (SO2) pollution; their absence or poor health can signal high levels of this pollutant. Petunia and Chrysanthemum can indicate the presence of nitrates in the soil. Gladiolus is known to accumulate fluoride, making it an indicator of fluoride pollution. Additionally, the Black Locust tree (Robinia pseudoacacia) can serve as an indicator of heavy metal contamination in the soil.
Effects of Ozone depletion.
The main ozone depletion are:
* Increases the incidence of cataract, throat and lung irritation and aggravation of asthma or emphysema, skin cancer and diminishing the functioning of immune system in human beings.
* Juvenile mortality of animals.
* Increased incidence of mutations.
* In plants, photosynthetic chemicals will be affected and therefore photosynthesis will be inhibited. Decreased photosyntheses is will result in increased atmospheric CO 2 resulting in global warming and also shortage of food leading to food crisis.
* Increase in temperature changes the climate and rainfall pattern which may result in flood/drought, sea water rise, imbalance in ecosystems affecting flora and fauna.
Ozone shield
* Ozone layer is a region of earth’s stratosphere that absorbs most of the sun’s ultra violet radiation. So it is called as ozone shield.
Ozone HOLE
* No. If the ozone shield is damaged by the cholrofluorocarbons widely used in refrigeration, aerosol, chemicals used as cleanes in industries.
* The decline in the thickness of the ozone layer over restricted area is called ozone hole.
Montreal protocol
* During 1970s research findings indicated that man-made chlorofluoro carbons reduce and convert ozone molecules in the atmosphere.
* Vienna conference provided the frame works necessary to create regulative measures in the form of montreal protocol to elimate production and consumption of ozone depleting substances.
* The international treaty called the montreal protocol (1987) was held in Canada on substances that deplete ozone layer.
* The main goal of it is gradually eliminating the production and consumption of ozone depleting substances and to limit their damage on the earths ozone layer.
Kyoto protocol
* C D M (or) protocol (2007) provides project based mechanisms with two objectives.
* To prevent dangerous climate change and to reduce green house gas emissions.
* It help the contries to reduce (or) limit emission and stimulate sustainable development
* eg: Replacement of conventional electrification projects with solar panels (or) other energy efficient boilers.
Afforestation Objectives
* To increase forest cover, planting more trees, increases
* O 2
* production and air quality.
* Rehabilitation of degraded forests to increase carbon fixation and reducing CO 2 from atmosphere.
* Raising bamboo plantations.
* Mixed plantations of minor forest produce and medicinal plants.
* Regeneration of indigenous herbs/ shrubs. Awareness creation, monitoring and evaluation.
Achievements
* Degraded forests were restored.
* Community assets like overhead tanks bore- wells, hand pumps, community halls, libraries, etc were established.
* Environmental and ecological stability was maintained.
* Conserved bio-diversity, wildlife and genetic resources.
* Involvement of community especially women in forest management.
Conservation movement
* A community level participation can help in preservation and conservation of our environement.
* Our environment is a common treasure for all the living organisms on earth. Every individual should be aware of this and participate actively in the programs meant for the conservation of the local environment.
* Indian histroy has witnessed many people movements for the protection of environment.
Chipko Movement
* The tribal women of Himalayas protested against the exploitation of forests in 1972. Later on it transformed into Chipkon Movement by Sundarlal Bahuguna in, Mandle village of Chamoli district in 1974.
* People protested by hugging trees together which were felled by a sports goods company.
Features of chipko Movement
* This movement remained non political
* It was a voluntary movement based on Gandhian thought.
* It was concerned with the ecological balance of nature.
* Main aim of Chipko movement was to give a slogan of five F’s _ Food, Fodder, Fuel, Fibre and Fertilizer, to make the communities self sufficient in all their basic needs.
Appiko Movement
* The famous Chipko Andolen in the Himalayas inspired the villagers of Uttar Karnataka to launch a similar movement to save their forests.
* This, movement started in Gubbi Gadde a small village near Sirsi in Karnataka by Panduranga Hegde.
* This movement started to protest against felling of trees, monoculture, forest policy and deforestation.
Endemic centers and endemic plants refer to regions and species that are unique to a specific geographic location. Endemic species are those plants and animals that exist only in one particular area and nowhere else in the world. This endemism can arise due to various factors, including geographic isolation, specific interspecific interactions, or limitations in seed dispersal mechanisms. India is recognized for its rich biodiversity and hosts several centers of endemism. It is estimated that India has three megacenters of endemism and 27 microendemic centers. These centers are predominantly found in the Himalayas, Peninsular India, and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. A significant proportion of endemic species in India belong to families like Poaceae (grasses), Apiaceae (carrot family), Asteraceae (daisy family), and Orchidaceae. Examples of endemic plants include Baccaurea Courtallensis, a tree found in the Southern Western Ghats, specifically around Agasthiyamalaia, and Bentinckia Condappana, a tree endemic to the Western Ghats of Tamil Nadu and Kerala.
Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS)
* Carbon capture and storage is a téchnology of capturing carbondioxide and injects it deep into
the underground rocks into a depth of 1 km
* Various safe sites have been selected for permanent storage i.n various deep geological
formations, liquid storage in the Ocean and solid storage by reduction of CO 2 with metal oxide to
produce stable carbonates. It is also known as Geological sequestration.
Carbon Sequestration
* Carbon sequestration is the process of capturing and storing CO 2 which reduces the amount of
CO 2 in the atmosphere with a goal of reducing global climate change.
* Carbon sequestration occurs naturally by plants and in ocean.
* Terrestrial sequestration is typically accomplished through forest and soil conservation practices that enhance the storage carbon.
* As an example microalgae such as species of Chiorella, Scenedesmus, Chroococcus and Chiamydomonas are used globally for CO 2 sequestration.
* Macroalgae and marine grasses and mangroves are also have ability to mitigate carbon – di – oxide.
Carbon Foot Print (CPF)
* Every human activity leaves a mark just like our footprint. This Carbon foot print is the total amount of green house gases produced by human activities such as agriculture, industries, deforestation, waste disposal, buring fossil etc.
To Reduce carbon foot print
* Eating indigenous fruits and products.
* Reduce useofyour electronic devices.
* Reduce travelling
* Do not buy fast and preserved, processed, packed foods.
* Plant a garden
* Less consumption of meat and sea food. Poultry requires little space, nutrients and less pollution comparing cattle farming.
* reduce use of Laptops (when used for 8 hours, it releases nearly 2 kg, of CO 2 annually).
* Line dry your clothes.
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is a crucial environmental management tool used to evaluate the potential environmental consequences of proposed projects before they are approved and implemented. It serves to regulate and guide the optimal use of natural resources while minimizing negative impacts on ecosystems and biotic communities. EIA is particularly important for predicting the environmental effects of future developments such as river valley projects, dams, and highway construction. By identifying potential environmental problems early on, EIA helps in designing mitigation measures, thereby reducing environmental stress. This process supports the sustainable utilization of natural resources and the responsible disposal of wastes, ultimately preventing environmental degradation. The benefits of EIA to society are manifold, including the promotion of a healthier environment, the maintenance of biodiversity, decreased resource usage through efficient planning, and a reduction in gas emissions and overall environmental damage.
Biodiversity Impact Assessment (BIA) is a specialized decision-support tool designed to integrate biodiversity considerations into development planning and implementation processes. It aims to identify, predict, and evaluate the potential impacts of human activities on biodiversity. The assessment of biodiversity impacts can be conducted through several key methods. These include analyzing changes in land use and land cover, which can lead to habitat loss and fragmentation. Evaluating the degree of fragmentation and isolation of habitats is crucial, as it affects species movement and genetic diversity. Assessing the impacts of resource extraction, such as logging or mining, is also vital. Furthermore, BIA considers the effects of external inputs like emissions, effluents, and chemical pollutants released into the environment. The introduction of invasive alien species or genetically modified organisms, which can disrupt native ecosystems, must also be evaluated. Finally, the impact on endemic and threatened flora and fauna requires specific attention during the assessment process.
Geographic Information System
* GIS is a computer system for capturing, storing checking and displaying data related to positions on Earth’s surface. Also to manipulate, analyse, manage and present spacial or geographic data.
* GPS is a satellite navigation system used to determine the ground position of an object. It is a constellation of approximately 30 well spaced satellites that orbit the earth and make it possible geographic location.
Importance of GIS
* Environmental impact assessment.
* Disaster management.
* Zoning of landslide hazard
* Determination of land cove and land use
* Estimation of flood damage.
* Management of natural resources.
* Soil mapping
* Wetland mapping
* Irrigation management and identification of volcanic hazard.
* Vegatation studies and mapping of threatened and endemic species.
Remote Sensing
* Remote Sensing is the process of detecting and monitoring the physical characteristics of an area by measuring its reflected and emitted radiation at a distance from the targeted area. It is an tool used in conservation practices by giving exact picture and data on identification of even a single tree to large area of vegetation and wild life.
* Mapping of forest fire and species distribution.
* Mapping ocean bottom and its resources.
Applications of Satellites
Name of the Satellites
Year of Launch
Application
SCATSAT-I
Sep 2016
Weather forecasting, cyclone prediction and tracking services in India
INSAT 3DR
Sep 2016
Disaster management