Samacheer Class 12 Bio Botany - Environmental Issues

CCS – Carbon capture and storage.
* Carbon capture and storage is a technology of capturing carbon dioxide and inject it deep into the underground rocks at a depth of 1 km (or) more.
* It is an approach to mitigate global warming.
Example:
* It is capturing CO 2 released from industries and power plants.
* Such as declining oil fields, gas fields saline aquifers and unmineable coal have been suggested as storage sites.
* Various safe sites have been selected for permanent storage.
* liquid storage in ocean and solid storage by reduction of CO 2 with metal oxide to produce stable carbonates.
* It is also known as Geological sequestration.

• Forest regulate co2 levels in the atmosphere.
• If greater the forest area more CO 2 is removed and the impact of global climate change is decreased.
• They regulate ecosystem, protect biodiversity, play an integral part in the carbon cycle.
• In the tropics water evaporates naturally from trees, increasing cloud cover and keeping temperature cooling.

These are the patches or grove of cultivated trees which are community protected and are based on strong religious belief systems which usually have a significant religious connotation for protecting the community. Each grove is an abode of a deity mostly village God Or Goddesses like Aiyanar or Amman.
448 grooves were documented throughout Tamil Nadu, of which 6 groves (Banagudi shola, Thirukurungudi and Udaiyankudikadu, Sittannnavasal, Puthupet and Devadanam) were taken up for detailed floristic and faunistic studies. These groves provide a number of ecosystem services to the neighbourhood like protecting watersheds, fodder, medicinal plants, and microclimate control.

CO 2 Carbon-di-oxide is the most abundant among greenhouse gases.
* Low agricultural productivity in tropics.
* Frequent heat waves (weeds, pests, fungi, need warmer temperature)
* increase of vectors and epidemics
* strong storms and intense flood damage.
* Water crisis and decreased irrigation
* Change in flowing seasons and pollinators
* Change in species distributional ranges.
* Speakes extinction.

Rainwater harvesting is the accumulation and storage of rain water for reuse in-site rather than allowing it to run off. Rainwater can be collected from rivers, roof tops and the water collected is directed to a deep pit. The water percolates and gets stored in the pit. RWH is a sustainable water management practice implemented not only in urban area but also in agricultural fields, which is an important economical cost effective method for the future. Environmental benefits of Rain Water Harvesting:
* Promotes adequacy of underground water and water conservation.
* Mitigates the effect of drought.
* Reduces soil erosion as surface run-off is reduced.
* Reduces flood hazards.
* Improves groundwater quality and water table / decreases salinity.
* No land is wasted for storage purpose and no population displacement is involved.
* Storing water underground is an eco-friendly measure and a part of sustainable water storage strategy for local communities.

Afforestation:
* Afforestation is planting of trees where there was no previous tree coverage and the conversion of non-forested lands into forests by planting suitable trees to retrieve the vegetation.
* Example: Slopes of dams afforested to reduce water run-off, erosion and siltation. It can also provide a range of environmental services including carbon sequestration, water retention.
The Man who Single-Handedly Created a Dense Forest
* Jadav “Molai” Payeng (born 1963) is an environmental activist has single-handedly planted a forest in the middle of a barren wasteland.
* This Forest Man of India has transformed the world’s largest river island, Majuli, located on one of India’s major rivers, the Brahmaputra, into a dense forest, home to rhinos, deers, elephants, tigers and birds. And today his forest is larger than Central Park.
* Former vice-chancellor of Jawahar Lai Nehru University, Sudhir Kumar Sopory named Jadav Payeng as Forest Man of India, in the month of October 2013.
* He was honoured at the Indian Institute of Forest Management during their annual event ‘Coalescence1.
* In 2015, he was honoured with Padma Shri, the fourth highest civilian award in India.
* He received honorary doctorate degree from Assam Agricultural University and Kaziranga University for his contributions.
Tamil Nadu Afforestation project TAP I:
TaP I
objectives:
* It aimed to uplight the quality and life of villagers, abutting forest areas.
* It is resolve the degraded forests in Tamil Nadu
Tap II
objectives
* To restore the ecological equilibrium of the forests, watersheds and adjacent villages of Tamil Nadu.
* To improve the quality of the life of inhabitants through reforestation. Water conservation and sustained community action.

Effects of deforestation:
* Burning of forest wood release stored carbon, a negative impact just opposite of carbon sequestration.
* Trees and plants bind the soil particles. The removal of forest cover increases soil erosion and decreases soil fertility. Deforestation in dry areas leads to the formation of deserts.
* The amount of runoff water increases soil erosion and also creates flash flooding, thus reducing moisture and humidity.
* The alteration of local precipitation patterns leading to drought conditions in many regions. It triggers adverse climatic conditions and alters water cycle in ecosystem.
* It decreases the bio-diversity significantly as their habitats are disturbed and disruption of natural cycles.
* Loss of livelihood for forest dwellers and rural people.
* Increased global warming and account for one-third of total CO 2 emission.
* Loss of life support resources, fuel, medicinal herbs and wild edible fruits.
Benefits of agroforestry:
* It is an answer to the problem of soil and water conservation and also to stabilise the soil (salinity and water table) reduce landslide and water run-off problem.
* Nutrient cycling between species improves and organic matter is maintained.
* Trees provide micro climate for crops and maintain CO 2 balanced, atmospheric temperature and relative humidity.
* Suitable for dry land where rainfall is minimum and hence it is a good system for alternate land use pattern.
* Multipurpose tree varieties like Acacia are used for wood pulp, tanning, paper and firewood – industries.
* Agro-forestry is recommended for the following purposes. It can be used as Farm Forestry for the extension of forests, mixed forestry, shelter belts and linear strip plantation.
12th Bio Botany Guide Environmental Issues Additional Important Questions and Answers
I. Match

D) Social forestry-Jadav,Molai payerg
X. Read the following statement with two blanks A and B select the correct option for blank A and B.

Biosphere Reserves,National parks and wild life sanctuaries are Goverment protected Bio-diversity conservation.
IX. Choose the incorrect pair

a) Phytoplankton – 1) eutrophication
XI. Fill in the blanks Answers
1. ………………. is another long term method to store carbon.
Biochar
2. …………………. is the total amount of green house gases produced by human activated.
Carbon foot print
3. Eating indigenous fruits and products are reduce ………………
Carbon foot print
4. The forest, soil, ocean are …………………. and landfills are ………….. sinks.
Natural, artificia
Dobson unit
5. The thickness of the ozone column of air is measured in terms of ………………
Chloro fluro carban
6. …………………. is the anthropogenic greenhouse gas.
Tank Foreshore
7. _____ plantations have been a major source of fire wood in Tamilnadu.
Plantations
8. World ozone Day is celebrated on ……………….
September 16
XII Choose the correct option

• Green House effect is a process by which radiant heat from the sun is captured by gas in the atmosphere that increase the temperature of the earth.
• The gases that capture the heat are called Green Hosue gases includes CO 2, CH 4, N 2 O and CFC.

• Green House effect is a process by which radiant heat from the sun is captured by gas in the atmosphere that increase the temperature of the earth.
• The gases that capture the heat are called Green House gases includes CO 2, CH 4 4, N 2 Oand CFC

* Yes, clouds and dust particles can also produce Green House effect.
* That is why clouds dust and humid nights are warmer than clear dust free dry nights.
Global warming
* The increase in mean global temperature due to increased concentration of green house gases is called global warming.

Bad ozone
good ozone
The ozone layer of the troposphere is called bad zone. This layer does not involve in the absorption of U.V radiation from the sun.
The ozone laye of stratosphere is known as good zone because this layer act as a shield for absorbing the UV radiation coming from the sun.

• The colour view of total ozone indicating the least ozone part and more ozone part.
• The purple and blue colours are where there is the least ozone.
• The yellows and reads are where there is more ozone.

• No. If the ozone chield is damaged by the chlorofluoro carbon widely used in refrigeration, aerosol, chemicals used as cleaners in industries.
• The decline in the thickness of the ozone layer over restricted area is called ozone hole.

• The production of wood plants combined with pasture is referred to silvopasture system.
• The trees and shrubs may be used primarily to produce fodder for livestock (or) grown for timber, fuel wood and fruit (or) to improve the soil.

Agro forestry
Social forestry
Agro forestry is an integration of trees crops and livestock on the same plot of land
It is a sustainable management of forest by local communities.
The main objective is on the interaction among them
The main objective is carbon sequestration depollution, deforestation forest restoration and providing indirect employment.

• Former vice Chancellor of Jawaharlal Nehru University Sudhir Kumar named Jadav payeng as Forest Man of India.
• He has transformed the world’s largest river island Majuli (located on river of Brahmaputra) into dense forest, home to rhinos, deers, elephants, tigers and birds.

A non – native species to the ecosystem (or) country that spreads naturally, interferes with native species, poses a serious threat to the ecosystem and cause economic loss.

• > Main aim of chipko movement was to give a slogan of Five – Fs. food, fodder, fuel, fibre and fertilizer.
• > It make the communities self sufficiency in their basic needs.

• There are called scared groves.
• The patches (or) grove of cultivated trees which are community protected and based on religeous belief system.
• There are 448 groves were documented through out Tamilnadu.

• This bird’s – eye – view instrument can reveal many issues such as irrigation problems, soil variation pest and fungal infestations
• It is also used for cost effective safe method of spraying pesticides and fertilizers.

• GIS is a computer system for capturing storing, checking, and displaying data related to positions on earths surface.
• Also manipulate, analyse, manage and present special (or) geographic data.

* Global positioning system is satellite navigation system used to determine the ground position of an object.
* A constellation of approximately 30 well spaced Satellites that orbit the earth and make it possible geographic location.
eg:- Mining, surveying Agricultural and marine ecosystem.

Remote sensing is the process of datelining and monitoring the physical characteristics of an area by measuring its reflected and emitted radiation at a distance from the target area.

Any system having the capacity to accumulate more atmospheric carbon during a given time interval than releasing CO 2
Example:- forest, soil, clean are natural sinks, Landfills are artificial sinks.
XIV. Three Marks

• Increase in green house gases leads to irreversible changes in ecosystem and climatic patterns.
• eg:- Coral bleaching observed in Gulf of mannen Tamilnadu. [coral system is affected by increase in temperature]

• Rise in global temperature which causes sea levels to rise as polar ice caps and glaciers begin to melt causing submergence of many coastal cities in many parts of the world.
• There will be drastic change in whether patterns bringing more floods (or) droughts in some areas
• Biological diversity may get modified.

• Drastic increase in population resulted in demand for more productivity of food, fibres fuels.
• Which led to many environmental issues in agriculture, land use modification resulting in loss of biodiversity, land degradation reducing in fresh water availability resulting man mode global warming.

• DU is the unit of measurement for total ozone.
• One DU (0.001 atm.cm) is the number of molecules of ozone that would be required to create a layer of pure ozone 0.01 mm thick at a temperature of 0°C and a pressure of atmosphere.
• Total ozone layer over the earth surface is 0.3 centimetres (3mm) thick and is writtern can we ozone

• During 1970’s research findings indicated that man – made chlorofluoro carbons reduce and convert ozone molecules in the atmosphere.
• Vienna conference provided the frame works necessary to create regulative measures in the form of Montreal protocol to climate production and consumption of ozone depleting substances.

• The international treaty called the Montreal protocol (1987) was held in Canada on substances that deplete ozone layer.
• The main goal of it is gradually eliminating the production and consumption of ozone depleting substances and to limit their damage on the earth ozone layer.

* CDP (or) protocol (2007) provides project based mechanisms with two objectives.
* To prevent dangerous climate change and to reduce green house gas emissions.
* It help the countries to reduce (or) limit emission and stimulate sustainable development.
eg:- Replacement of conventional electrification projects with solar panels (or) other energy efficient boilers.

Protein Bank
Live fence of fodder trees and hedges
Various multipurpose trees are planted in and around farm lands and range lands mainly for fodder production.
Various fodder trees and hedges are planted as live fence to protect the property from stray animals.
eg: Acacia nilotica, Azadirachta indica, Albizzia lebbek.
eg: Gliricidia sepiutn Sesbania grandi flora Acacia spp.

• It refers to the sustainable management of forests by local communities.
• de-pollution, deforestation, forest restoration and providing indirect employment.
• Its refers to the management of forests and afforestation of barren lands.

• Training on tree growing methods.
• Publicity and information regarding tree growing
• Raising and supply of seedlings on subsidy.
• Awareness creation among school children and youth about the importance of forests through training camps.

Any system having the capacity to accumulate more atmospheric carbon during a given time interval than releasing CO 2.
eg: Landfills are artificial sinks forest, soil, ocean are natural sinks.

• Its widespread growth affects the growth of phytoplanktons and finally changing the aquatic ecosystem.
• It also decreases the oxygen content of the water bodies which leads to eutrophication.
• It poses a threat to human health because it creates a breeding habitat for disease causing mosquitoes and snails.

Chipko movement
Appiko movement
People protested by hugging trees together which were felled by a sports good company.
This movement started to protest against felling of trees, monoculture forest policy and deforestation.
It was started by the tribal women of Himalayas Later transformed into chipko movement by Sunderlal Bahuguna.
It was started in Gubbi Gadde Village near Sirsin in Karnataka by Pandurang Hedge.

In – Situ conservation
Ex – Situ conservation
Conservation and management of genetic resources in their natural habitat.
It is a method of conservation. Where species are protected outside their natural environment.
It includes animal species forest trees medicinal and aromatic plants under threat are conserved by this method.
eg: National parks and Bisphere Reserve
It includes botanical garden, Zoological park gene, pollen, seed, seeking, tissue culture and DNA banks.

Methane is 20 times as effective as CO 2 at trapping heat in the atmosphere.
It sources are attributed paddy cultivation, cattle rearing, bacteria in water bodies, fossil fuel production. Ocean, non – wetland soils and forest/wild fires.

• It is naturally produced in oceans from biological sources of soil and water due to microbial actions and rainforests.
• Man-made sources include nylon and nitric acid production, use of fertilizers in agriculture manures cars with catalytic converter and burning of organic matter.

* Water bodies like lakes, ponds not only provide us a number of environmental benefits but they strengthen our economy as well as our quality of life like health.
* Lakes as a storage of rain water provides drinking water, improves ground water level and preserve the fresh water bio-diversity and habitat of the area where in occurs
* In terms of services lakes offer sustainable solutions to key issues of water management and climatic influences and benefits like nutrient retention, influencing local rainfall removal of pollutants, phosphorous and nitrogen and carbon sequestration.
XV. Five Marks

Global Warming
* The increase in mean global temperature due to increased concentration of green house gases is called global warming.
Reasons for global warming
* Drastic increase in population resulted in demand for more productivity of foof, fibres fuels.
* Which led to many environmental issues in agriculture, land use modification resulting in loss of biodiversily, land degradation reduction in fresh water availanility resulting man made global warming.
green house gases
* The gases that capture heat are called Green house Gases.
* Which includes CO 2, CH 4, Nitrous oxide (N 2 O) and chlorofluoro carbon.
Human activities lead to produce the green house effect.
– Human activities lead to produce the green house effect by
* Buring fossil, which release CO 2 and CH 4
* Way of Agriculture and animal husbandry practice.
* Electrical gadgets like refrigerator and air conditioners release chloro fluoro carbons.
* The fertilizers used in Agriculture which release N 2 O
* The emissions from automoblies.

CO 2 (Carbon dioxide)
* Coal based power plants, by the burning of fossil fuels for electricity generation.
* Combustion of fuels in the engines of automoniles, commercial vehicles and air plances contribute the most of global warming.
* Agricultural practices like stubble burning result in emission of CO 2
* Natural from organic matter, volcanoes, warm oceans and sediments.
Methane
* Methane is 20 times as effective as CO 2 at trapping heat in the atomosphere.
* Its sources are paddv cultivations field cattle rearing, bacteria in water bodies, fossil fuel production, ocean, non-wetland soils and forest/ wild fires.
N 2 O (Nitrous oxide)
* It is naturally produced in Oceans from biological sources of soil and water due to microbial actions and rainforest.
* Man-made sources include nylon and nitric acid production, use of fertilizers in agriculture, manures, cars with catalytic com orter and burning of organic matter.

Global Warming Effects on Plants
* Low agriclutural productivity in tropics.
* Frequent heat waves (Weeds, pests, fungineed warmer temperature).
* Increase of vectors and epidemics.
* Strong storms and intense flood damage
* Water crisis and decreased irrigation.
* Change in flowering seasons and pollinators.
* Change in Species distributional ranges.
* Species extinction.

Plant indicators
* The presence (or) absence of certain plants indicate the state environment by their response.
* The plant species or plant community acts as a measure of environmental conditions, it is referred as biological indicatores or phytoindicators or plant indicators.
Examples
Plants
Indicator for
1. Lichens, Ficus, Pinus, Rose SO 2
pollution
2. Petunia, Chrysanthemum
Nitrate
3. Gladiolus
Flouride pollution
4. Robinia pseudoacacia (Black locust tree)
Indicator of heavv metal contamination.

Effects of Ozone depletion.
The main ozone depletion are:
* Increases the incidence of cataract, throat and lung irritation and aggravation of asthma or emphysema, skin cancer and diminishing the functioning of immune system in human beings.
* Juvenile mortality of animals.
* Increased incidence of mutations.
* In plants, photosynthetic chemicals will be affected and therefore photosynthesis will be inhibited. Decreased photosyntheses is will result in increased atmospheric CO 2 resulting in global warming and also shortage of food leading to food crisis.
* Increase in temperature changes the climate and rainfall pattern which may result in flood/drought, sea water rise, imbalance in ecosystems affecting flora and fauna.

Ozone shield
* Ozone layer is a region of earth’s stratosphere that absorbs most of the sun’s ultra violet radiation. So it is called as ozone shield.
Ozone HOLE
* No. If the ozone shield is damaged by the cholrofluorocarbons widely used in refrigeration, aerosol, chemicals used as cleanes in industries.
* The decline in the thickness of the ozone layer over restricted area is called ozone hole.
Montreal protocol
* During 1970s research findings indicated that man-made chlorofluoro carbons reduce and convert ozone molecules in the atmosphere.
* Vienna conference provided the frame works necessary to create regulative measures in the form of montreal protocol to elimate production and consumption of ozone depleting substances.
* The international treaty called the montreal protocol (1987) was held in Canada on substances that deplete ozone layer.
* The main goal of it is gradually eliminating the production and consumption of ozone depleting substances and to limit their damage on the earths ozone layer.
Kyoto protocol
* C D M (or) protocol (2007) provides project based mechanisms with two objectives.
* To prevent dangerous climate change and to reduce green house gas emissions.
* It help the contries to reduce (or) limit emission and stimulate sustainable development
* eg: Replacement of conventional electrification projects with solar panels (or) other energy efficient boilers.

Afforestation Objectives
* To increase forest cover, planting more trees, increases
* O 2
* production and air quality.
* Rehabilitation of degraded forests to increase carbon fixation and reducing CO 2 from atmosphere.
* Raising bamboo plantations.
* Mixed plantations of minor forest produce and medicinal plants.
* Regeneration of indigenous herbs/ shrubs. Awareness creation, monitoring and evaluation.
Achievements
* Degraded forests were restored.
* Community assets like overhead tanks bore- wells, hand pumps, community halls, libraries, etc were established.
* Environmental and ecological stability was maintained.
* Conserved bio-diversity, wildlife and genetic resources.
* Involvement of community especially women in forest management.

Conservation movement
* A community level participation can help in preservation and conservation of our environement.
* Our environment is a common treasure for all the living organisms on earth. Every individual should be aware of this and participate actively in the programs meant for the conservation of the local environment.
* Indian histroy has witnessed many people movements for the protection of environment.
Chipko Movement
* The tribal women of Himalayas protested against the exploitation of forests in 1972. Later on it transformed into Chipkon Movement by Sundarlal Bahuguna in, Mandle village of Chamoli district in 1974.
* People protested by hugging trees together which were felled by a sports goods company.
Features of chipko Movement
* This movement remained non political
* It was a voluntary movement based on Gandhian thought.
* It was concerned with the ecological balance of nature.
* Main aim of Chipko movement was to give a slogan of five F’s _ Food, Fodder, Fuel, Fibre and Fertilizer, to make the communities self sufficient in all their basic needs.
Appiko Movement
* The famous Chipko Andolen in the Himalayas inspired the villagers of Uttar Karnataka to launch a similar movement to save their forests.
* This, movement started in Gubbi Gadde a small village near Sirsi in Karnataka by Panduranga Hegde.
* This movement started to protest against felling of trees, monoculture, forest policy and deforestation.

* Endemic Centres and Endemic Plants.
* Endemic species ar plants and animals that exist only in one geographic region.
* It may be due to various reasons such as isolation, interspecific interactions, seeds dispersal problems.
* There are 3 Megacentres of endmism and 27 microendemic centres in India.
* That is ¡nid an Himalayas,Peninsular India and Andaman nicobar islands.
* A large percentage of Endemic Poaceae. Apiaceae, Asteraceae and Orchidaceae.
Endemic plants
Habit
Name of endemic centre
Baccaurea Courtallensis
Tree
Southern Western Ghats.
Agasthiyamalaia Pauciflora
Tree
Peninsular India.
Bentinckia Condappana
Tree
Western ghats of Tamil Nadu and Kerala

Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS)
* Carbon capture and storage is a téchnology of capturing carbondioxide and injects it deep into
the underground rocks into a depth of 1 km
* Various safe sites have been selected for permanent storage i.n various deep geological
formations, liquid storage in the Ocean and solid storage by reduction of CO 2 with metal oxide to
produce stable carbonates. It is also known as Geological sequestration.
Carbon Sequestration
* Carbon sequestration is the process of capturing and storing CO 2 which reduces the amount of
CO 2 in the atmosphere with a goal of reducing global climate change.
* Carbon sequestration occurs naturally by plants and in ocean.
* Terrestrial sequestration is typically accomplished through forest and soil conservation practices that enhance the storage carbon.
* As an example microalgae such as species of Chiorella, Scenedesmus, Chroococcus and Chiamydomonas are used globally for CO 2 sequestration.
* Macroalgae and marine grasses and mangroves are also have ability to mitigate carbon – di – oxide.

Carbon Foot Print (CPF)
* Every human activity leaves a mark just like our footprint. This Carbon foot print is the total amount of green house gases produced by human activities such as agriculture, industries, deforestation, waste disposal, buring fossil etc.
To Reduce carbon foot print
* Eating indigenous fruits and products.
* Reduce useofyour electronic devices.
* Reduce travelling
* Do not buy fast and preserved, processed, packed foods.
* Plant a garden
* Less consumption of meat and sea food. Poultry requires little space, nutrients and less pollution comparing cattle farming.
* reduce use of Laptops (when used for 8 hours, it releases nearly 2 kg, of CO 2 annually).
* Line dry your clothes.

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
* Environment Impact Assessment is an environment management tool.
* It helps to regulate and recommend optimal use of natural resources with minimum impact on ecosystem and biotic communities.
* It is used to predict the environmental consequences of future, (example: river, projects, dams, highway projects.)
* It reduces environmental stress thus helping utilization of natural resources and disposal of wastes to avoid environemental degradation.
The benefits of EIA to society
* A healthier environment
* Maintenance of biodiversity
* Decreased resource usage
* Reduction in gas emission and environment demage.

Biodiversity Impact Assessment (BI A)
* Biodiversity Impact Assessment can be defined as a decision supporting tool to help biodiversity inclusive of development, planning and implementation.
Bio-diversity Impacts can be assessed by
* Change in land use and cover.
* Fragmentation and isolation.
* Extraction
* External inputs such as emissions, effluents and chemicals.
* Introduction of invasive, alien or genetically modified species.
* Impact on endemic and threatened flora and fauna.

Geographic Information System
* GIS is a computer system for capturing, storing checking and displaying data related to positions on Earth’s surface. Also to manipulate, analyse, manage and present spacial or geographic data.
* GPS is a satellite navigation system used to determine the ground position of an object. It is a constellation of approximately 30 well spaced satellites that orbit the earth and make it possible geographic location.
Importance of GIS
* Environmental impact assessment.
* Disaster management.
* Zoning of landslide hazard
* Determination of land cove and land use
* Estimation of flood damage.
* Management of natural resources.
* Soil mapping
* Wetland mapping
* Irrigation management and identification of volcanic hazard.
* Vegatation studies and mapping of threatened and endemic species.

Remote Sensing
* Remote Sensing is the process of detecting and monitoring the physical characteristics of an area by measuring its reflected and emitted radiation at a distance from the targeted area. It is an tool used in conservation practices by giving exact picture and data on identification of even a single tree to large area of vegetation and wild life.
* Mapping of forest fire and species distribution.
* Mapping ocean bottom and its resources.
Applications of Satellites
Name of the Satellites
Year of Launch
Application
SCATSAT-I
Sep 2016
Weather forecasting, cyclone prediction and tracking services in India
INSAT 3DR
Sep 2016
Disaster management