Samacheer Class 6 Social Science - South Indian Kingdoms

Gatika means monastery or Centre of learning.
It was popular during the Pallava times at Kanchi.
It attracted students from all parts of India and abroad.
Vatsyayana who wrote Nyaya Bhashya was a teacher at Kanchi (Gatika). Panchapandavar rathas are monolithic rathas. Explain.

Under Mamalla style, the five rathas (chariots), popularly called Panchapandavar rathas, signify the different style of temple architecture.
Each ratha has been carved out of a single rock.
So they are called monolithic.
The popular mandapams here are Mahishasuramardhini mandapam, Thirumoorthi mandapam and Varaha mandapam.

Krishna III was the last able ruler of the Rashtrakuta dynasty,
He defeated the Cholas in the battle of Takkolam (presently in Vellore Dt) and captured Thanjavur.

Pallava period is known for architectural splendour. In 1984 Mamallapuram was added to the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites. The illustrious examples of Pallava architecture are the Shore Temple, other temples and the Varaha cave.
Mahendra style : (Rock – cut temples)
Mahendravarma style of cave temples are seen at Mandagapattu, Mahendra vadi, Mamandur, Dalavanur, Trichirapalli, Vallam, Tirukazhukkundram and Siyamangalam.
Mamalla Style : (Monolithic Rathas and Sculptural Mandapas)
The last example for Mamalla style monolithic is Panchapandavar rathas. Mahishasuramardhini mandapam, Thirumoorthi mandapam and Varaha mandapam are the popular mandapams.
The most important is the open art gallery. The fall of the Ganges from the head of Lord Shiva and the Arjun’s penance are notable sculptures.
Rajasimha Style : (Structural Temples)
Rajasimha (Narasimhavarma II) Style was a structural temple. The best example is the Kailasanatha temple at Kanchipuram. This temple is called Rajasimheswaram.
Nandivarma Style : (Structural Temples)
Nandivarma style was the last stage of pallava architecture. The best example is Vaikunda Perumal temple at Kanchipuram.

Elephanta island:
Elephanta is an island near Mumbai. It is originally known as Sripuri and the local people called Gharapuri.
The Portuguese named it as Elephanta after seeing the image.
The Trimurthi Siva icon and the images of dwarapalakas are seen in the cave temple.
Kailasanatha temple at Ellora:
Krishna I built the Kailasanatha temple. It was one of the 30 temples carved out at Ellora.
The temple covers an area of over 60,000 sq. feet and vimanam rises to a height of 90 feet.
It portrays typical Dravidian features and has a resemblance to the shore temple at Mamallapuram.

Western Chalukyas of Kalyani:
They were the descendants of Badami Chalukyas ruled from Kalyani (modem day Basavakalyan).
In 973, Tailapa II, a feudatory of the Rashtrakuta mling from the Bijapur region, defeated Parmara of Malwa.
Tailapa II occupied Kalyani and his dynasty quickly grew into an empire under Someswara I.
Someswara I moved the capital from Manyakheta to Kalyani.
For over a century, both the Chalukyas and the Cholas fought many fierce battles to control the fertile region of Vengi.
In the late 11th century, under Vikramaditya VI, vast areas between the Narmada river in the north and Kaveri river in the South came under Chalukya control.
The Kasi Vishwesvara Temple at Lakkundi, the Mallikaijuna temple at Kuruvatti, the Kalleshwara temple at Bagali and the Mahadeva temple at Itagi represent well-known examples of the architecture of Western Chalukyas of Kalyani.