Samacheer Class 8 Social Science - From Trade to Territory

The Treaty of Alinagar was signed in 1756. This treaty was signed between the British East India Company and Siraj-ud-daulah, the Nawab of Bengal, following the British recapture of Calcutta from French forces. The commander in Chief of Siraj-ud-daulah was Mir Jafer. The main cause for the Second Carnatic War was the War of Succession in Europe, particularly the Austrian War of Succession. Lord Dalhousie adopted the policy of Doctrine of Lapse to extend the British Empire in India, which allowed the British to annex Indian states whose rulers died without a direct heir. Tipu Sultan was finally defeated at the hands of Lord Cornwallis and later by General Wellesley. After the death of Tipu Sultan, Mysore was handed over to the British, who restored the Hindu Wodeyar dynasty as their puppet rulers. In 1800, Lord Wellesley established a college at Fort William in Calcutta to train civil servants for the East India Company.

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There was a small dungeon room in the Fort William in Calcutta, where troops of the Nawab of Bengal Siraj – Ud – doula, held 146 British Prisoners of war for one night. The next day morning, when the door was opened 123 of the prisoners found dead because of suffocation.

The company gained a huge amount of wealth from Bengal. It also got the trade right in Bengal, Bihar and Orissa, and 24 Parganas.
Battle of Plassey marked the initiation of British rule in India for the next two centuries.

Mir Qasim the son-in-law of the Nawab of Bengal revolted as he was angry with the British for misusing the de stakes (free duty passes).

Haider Ali and his friendly relations with the French became a matter of concern for the English East India Company.

The Maratha confederacy was dissolved and Peshwaship was abolished.
Most of the territory of Peshwa BajiRao II was annexed and became part of the Bombay Presidency
The defeat of the Bhonsle and Holkar also resulted in the acquisition of the Maratha kingdoms of Nagpur and Indore by the British.
The BajiRao II, the last Peshwa of Maratha was given an annual pension of 8 lakh rupees.

The states signed into Subsidiary Alliance was Hyderabad,
It was followed by Tanjore, Awadh, Peshwa, Bhonsle, Gwalior, Indore, Jaipur, Udaipur, and Jodhpur.

In the 18th century, three Carnatic Wars were fought between various Indian rulers, British and French East Indian Company on either side.
Second Carnatic War:
1. The main cause of this war was the issue of succession in Carnatic and Hyderabad. Anwaruddin Khan and Chanda Sahib were the two claimants to the throne of Carnatic, whereas Nasir Jang and Muzaffar Jang were claimants to the throne of Hyderabad.
2. The French supported Chanda Sahib and Muzaffar Jang, while the British supported the other claimants with the objective of keeping their interest and influence in the entire Deccan region.
Battle of Ambur (1749):
1. Finally Dupleix, Chanda Sahib, and Muzaffar Jang formed a grand alliance and defeated and killed Anwar-ud-din Khan, the Nawab of Carnatic, in the Battle of Ambur.
2. Muhammad Ali, the son of Anwar – ud – din, fled to Trichinopoly.
3. Chanda Sahib became the Nawab of Carnatic and rewarded the French with the grant of 80 villages around Pondicherry.
4. In the Deccan, the French defeated and killed Nasir Jang and made Muzaffar Jang the Nizam.
5. The new Nizam gave ample rewards to the French.
6. He appointed Dupleix as the governor of all the territories in the south of the river Krishna. Muzaffar Jang was assassinated by his own people.
7. Salabat Jang, brother of Nasir Jang was raised to the throne by Bussy.
8. Salabat Jang granted the Northern Circars to the French.
9. Dupleix’s power was at its zenith by that time.
Battle of Arcot (1751):
1. In the meantime, Dupleix sent forces to besiege the fort of Trichy
2. Chanda Sahib also joined with the French in their efforts to besiege Trichy. Robert Clive’s proposal was accepted by the British governor, Saunders, and with only 200 English and 300 Indian soldiers, Clive has entrusted the task of capturing Arcot. His attack proved successful.
3. Robert Clive defeated the French at Ami and Kaveripak. With the assistance of Lawrence, Chanda Sahib was killed in Trichy. Muhammad Ali was made the Nawab of Arcot under British protection. The French Government recalled Dupleix to Paris.
Treaty of Pondicherry (1755):
1. Dupleix was succeeded by Godeheu who agreed on the treaty of Pondicherry. According to it, both the powers agreed not to interfere in the internal affairs of the native states. They were to retain their old positions. New forts should not be built by either power. The treaty made the British stronger.
2. The second Carnatic war also proved inconclusive. The English proved their superiority on land by appointing Mohammad Ali as the Nawab of Carnatic. The French were still very powerful in Hyderabad. However, the predominant position of the French in the Deccan peninsula was definitely undermined in this war.
2. Give an account of the Fourth Anglo Mysore war.
Fourth Anglo – Mysore war:
Tipu Sultan did not forget the humiliating treaty of Srirangapatnam imposed upon him by Cornwallis in 1790.
Causes:
Tipu sought help from Arabia, Turkey, Afghanistan and the French.
Tipu was in correspondence with Napolean who invaded Egypt at that time.
The French officers came to Srirangapatnam and founded the Jacobin club and planted the Tree of Liberty.
Course:
Wellesley declared war against Tipu in 1799.
It was well planned.
Tipu was forced to retreat from his capital Srirangapatnam.
On 4th may 1799 it was captured.
Tipu fought bravely but he was killed finally.
By the end, the whole Mysore lay prostrate before the British.
Result:
The English occupied Kanara, Wynad, Coimbatore, Darapuram, and Srirangapatinam.
Krishna Raja Odayar ascended the throne.
Tipu’s family was sent to the fort of Vellore.
3. Describe the policy adopted by Lord Dalhousie to expand the British empire in India.
The doctrine of Lapse:
1. Lord Dalhousie was one of the chief architects of the British Empire in India. He was an imperialist. He adopted a new policy known as the Doctrine of Lapse to extend the British Empire.
2. He made use of this precedent and declared in 1848 that if the native rulers adopted children without the prior permission of the Company, only the personal properties of the rulers would go to the adopted sons and the kingdoms would go to the British paramount power. This principle was called the Doctrine of Lapse.
3. It was bitterly opposed by the Indians and it was one of the root causes for the great revolt of 1857.
4. How did Lord Wellesley expand the British power in India?
Lord Wellesley introduced the system called as Subsidiary Alliance to bring the princely states under the control of the British.
The princely state was called ‘the protected state’ and the British became ‘Paramount Power’ to maintain internal peace.
Main features:
All Indian rulers entering into this alliance with the British had to dissolve their own armed forces and accept British forces.
All the non – English Europeans should be turn out their state.
The British would undertake to defend the state from internal trouble as well as external attack.

1. Lack of unity among Indian Stats:
Even though there were powerful kings and who ruled Punjab, Mysore, and Maratha region, they lacked unity and fought with each other for various reasons. They failed to perceive the danger arising from the East India Company.
2. Greater Naval Power:
The British came through the sea and established a strong naval power in the Indian Ocean before coming to the Indian mainland. There was no strong naval power in India to challenge the British.
3. Development of textile:
By the beginning of the 19th century English made cotton textiles successfully ousted Indian goods from their traditional markets.
4. Scientific division of labour:
The production and growth of modem science in India was encouraged by the British with a view to further colonial interests.
5. Economic prosperity:
The British had enough funds to pay its shareholders that compelled them to finance the English wars in India.

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Alivardi Khan, the Nawab of Bengal died in 1756 and his grandson Siraj-ud-daula ascended the throne of Bengal.
The British took advantage of the New Nawab’s weakness and unpopularity seized power.
So, Siraj-ud-daulah decided to teach them (British)a lesson by attacking their political settlement of Calcutta. The Nawab captured their factory at Kasimbazar.
On 20th June 1756, Fort William surrendered but Robert Clive recovered Calcutta.
On 9th February 1757, the Treaty of Alinagar was signed, whereby Siraj-ud-daulah conceded practically all his claims.
British then captured Chandranagore, the French settlement, on March 1757. The battle of Plassey took place between the British East India Company and the Nawab of Bengal and his French allies.
It was fought on 23 June 1757. The English East India Company’s forces under Robert Clive defeated the forces of Siraj-ud-daulah. After the collapse of Bengal, the company gained a huge amount of Wealth from the treasury of Bengal and used it to strengthen its military force.
The beginning of the British political sway over India may be traced from the battle of Plassey. It was the most decisive battle that marked the initiation of British rule in India for the next two centuries.

In 1772, the Dual Government was abolished and the Company took over the direct responsibility for the collection of revenue as well as the administration of justice.
Consequently, a Diwani Adalat and Faujdari Adalat were established.
By the Regulating Act of 1773, a Supreme Court was set up in Calcutta.
This court consisted of a chief justice and three puisne judges who were appointed by the Crown.
This court decided civil, criminal, ecclesiastical, and admiralty cases.
On the model of the Supreme Court of Calcutta, a Supreme Court was established in Madras in 1801 and in Bombay in 1823.
In 1832, William Bentinck started the Jury system in Bengal.
The Indian Law Commission was established to compile the laws.
The rule of law was established for the whole empire.
According to the Indian High Courts Act, 1861, three High Courts were set up in Calcutta, Bombay, and Madras in place of the old Supreme Courts.