- a. 121 crore
- b. 221 crore
- c. 102 crore
- d. 100 crore
According to Census 2011, India's population was approximately 1,210 million, i.e. about 121 crore.
a
Migration is usually enumerated on the basis of place of birth and place of last residence (or usual residence).
place of birth and place of last residence
- a. Ramanathapuram
- b. Coimbatore
- c. Chennai
- d. Vellore
The textbook passage states: "Chennai district has recorded the maximum number of emigrants followed by Coimbatore, Ramanathapuram and Tiruchirapalli districts." Therefore the correct choice is Chennai.
c) Chennai
Mobility of population in rural areas is less than in urban areas (urban areas show greater population movement and in-migration).
less
- a. 7%
- b. 175%
- c. 23%
- d. 9%
Option (a) 7% is the sensible choice (other options include an impossible 175%). The textbook statistic refers to a small share of illiterates who were migrants from Tamil Nadu in that year.
a
As per Census 2011, a substantial share of the rural population are migrants — roughly about one-third of the rural population (around 30–35%).
about one-third (~33%)
- a. as a survival strategy
- b. to improve their living standards
- c. as a service
- d. to get experience
Poorer sections often migrate as a survival strategy — to find work, food and basic livelihood.
a
Marriage is the major reason for female migration in India (many women move to the husband's residence).
marriage
Any migrant stream can be broken into four sub-streams: rural→rural, rural→urban, urban→urban and urban→rural.
four
Major reasons for migration:
- Economic: employment, better wages, business opportunities.
- Social: marriage, family reunification.
- Educational: access to schools, colleges, training.
- Political: conflict, persecution, policy changes.
- Environmental: natural disasters, droughts, land degradation.
- Personal/cultural: lifestyle change, health care access.
(Provide examples for each in examinations.)
Economic, social, political, environmental, educational and personal reasons.
Aims of migration policies (concise):
- Protect migrant rights and welfare (labour laws, social security).
- Regulate and manage internal and international migration flows.
- Facilitate safe and legal migration channels.
- Promote regional development to reduce distress migration.
- Integrate migrants socially and economically in destination areas.
- Prevent exploitation and trafficking.
(Policy aims can be illustrated with examples such as labour agreements, support programmes and livelihood schemes.)
To protect migrants, manage flows, ensure rights, reduce regional disparities and support integration.
The chapter's recent-destination summary lists Singapore, UAE, Saudi Arabia, USA, Malaysia, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Australia and England as important destinations for migrants from Tamil Nadu. It does not identify Africa as a major recent destination for Tamil Nadu workers; most recent international flows noted are to Gulf countries, Southeast Asia and developed countries.
False
Major factors for female migration:
- Marriage (the most common reason).
- Family relocation (joining husband/parents).
- Employment (domestic work, care work, informal sector jobs).
- Education (to attend schools/colleges).
- Social reasons (healthcare, safety, cultural practices).
Marriage, family relocation, employment, education and social reasons.
Key migration patterns:
- By area: rural to urban (most common), rural to rural, urban to urban, urban to rural.
- By distance/administrative boundaries: inter-district, inter-state, international.
- By duration: permanent migration, seasonal migration, circular migration (temporary return).
- By motive and composition: labour migration (male-dominated), marriage migration (female-dominated), student migration, forced migration.
(Provide examples: rural→urban to cities for jobs; seasonal migration for agricultural work.)
Patterns: rural→urban, rural→rural, urban→urban, urban→rural; inter-district, inter-state, international; seasonal, permanent and circular.
The textbook notes that migration incidence in Tamil Nadu is higher in rural areas than in urban areas (in 2011 migrants accounted for about 41% in rural areas and 35% in urban areas). Therefore the statement is false.
False
The textbook contains a district-wise table/map for in-migration. Typical districts that often record relatively low in-migration include hill or predominantly rural districts (for example: Nilgiris, Ramanathapuram, Theni, Ariyalur). Please verify these against the table on page 325 for exact textbook-listed districts.
Examples (verify in textbook): Nilgiris, Ramanathapuram, Theni, Ariyalur
Some interesting findings (concise):
- Predominant rural → urban movement towards cities (e.g., Chennai, Coimbatore).
- Female migration often dominated by marriage-related moves.
- Significant internal migration to urban centres for employment and education.
- Tamil Nadu has notable international migration streams (Gulf countries, SE Asia) for employment.
- Seasonal and circular migration persists for agricultural and construction work.
- Literacy and employment patterns among migrants often differ from non-migrants (e.g., many migrants are in working age groups).
(Students should cite specific textbook figures or maps for full marks.)
Concise findings: predominant rural→urban flow, marriage-driven female migration, major in-migration to big cities, international migration to Gulf and SE Asia, seasonal labour migration.
Migrant streams are heterogeneous: migrants differ by age, sex, education, occupation, reasons for moving (work, marriage, education), duration, and destination. Therefore a migrant stream is made up of diverse sub‑streams rather than homogeneous ones.
False — Correct statement: Any migrant stream consists of heterogeneous sub-streams.
Poorer groups are pushed by economic distress (unemployment, low income, land loss, disasters) and pulled by urban casual work opportunities. Better‑off groups move mainly for positive pulls — jobs requiring skills/education, business/transfer postings, better amenities, education and career growth.
Poorer sections: lack of local employment, landlessness, low agricultural productivity, indebtedness, natural disasters, poverty, and search for casual wage work. Better‑off sections: better educational/professional opportunities, higher‑paid jobs, business expansion, lifestyle and security considerations, and occasional retirement or investment reasons.
The textbook cites the 2015 study breakdown: ~7% illiterate; 30% with Class X; 10% with Class XII; 15% vocational training; 11% graduates; 12% professionally qualified; 11% postgraduates. Analysis: (1) The biggest single category is secondary-school completers (Class X, 30%), showing many migrants have basic secondary education. (2) A substantial share (about 34% combined) have higher education or professional qualifications (graduate 11% + professional 12% + postgraduate 11%), indicating a significant presence of skilled/professional migrants. (3) Vocationally trained migrants (15%) and those with Class XII (10%) show notable representation of intermediate skill levels. (4) Illiterates are a small minority (~7%). (Totals may be rounded in the study.)
The 2015 study shows a mixed educational profile: 7% illiterate; 30% completed Class X; 10% completed Class XII; 15% had vocational training; 11% graduates; 12% professionally qualified; 11% postgraduates. The largest single group had completed Class X, while about 34% had graduate/professional/postgraduate qualifications combined.
The textbook states that in Tamil Nadu about two out of every five persons were reported to be migrants in 2011 (page 322) and the national migrant share was about 37%. Two out of ten persons (20%) contradicts these figures, so the statement is false.
False
The textbook's 2015 study lists major international destinations for migrants from Tamil Nadu and their shares: about 20% went to Singapore, 18% to the UAE, 16% to Saudi Arabia and 13% to the USA. (Other important destinations mentioned include Malaysia, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Australia and England, but without the specific percentages in the extract.)
Top four destinations (2015 study): Singapore ~20%; United Arab Emirates ~18%; Saudi Arabia ~16%; United States of America ~13%.
The textbook summary of the 2015 study states that migrants from Tamil Nadu work in diverse occupations: from highly skilled/professional roles to semi‑skilled and low‑skilled jobs. This highlights heterogeneity in migrant employment, reflecting both skilled international migrants and lower-skilled labor streams.
Migrants undertake a wide range of occupations across the skill spectrum — highly skilled professions, many semi-skilled jobs, and also low‑skilled occupations.
The OCR/print in the exercise mixed columns. Using the chapter text to reconstruct logical pairs: (1) Migration policy aims include reducing the volume of migration — so 'Migration policy' matches 'to reduce the volume of migration'. (2) The chapter states marriage is the major reason for female migration — so 'Female migrants' matches 'marriage'. (3) The chapter names Chennai as the district with the maximum number of emigrants — so 'Chennai' matches 'maximum number of emigration'. (4) Better‑off migrants migrate to improve living standards — so 'Better-off migrants' matches 'to improve the living standards'. (5) Several districts including Salem are listed as recording low numbers of emigrants; the exercise option uses the phrase 'low incidence of immigration' (likely an OCR/printing slip) — the intended match is Salem → low incidence of (e)migration. (6) Male migrants mainly move for work — so 'Male migrants' matches 'Work'.
Correct reconstructed matches:
1 (Migration policy) → to reduce the volume of migration
2 (Female migrants) → marriage
3 (Chennai) → maximum number of emigration
4 (Better-off migrants) → to improve the living standards
5 (Salem) → low incidence of immigration (text refers to low incidence of emigration/low emigrant numbers)
6 (Male migrants) → Work
Steps for the project:
1. Prepare a short questionnaire (e.g., origin, year of migration, reason, type of migration).
2. Interview classmates and schoolmates (obtain consent and explain purpose).
3. Record number of families with at least one migrant, reasons, destinations.
4. Tabulate results (counts and percentages).
5. Present findings in a table and chart (bar/pie) and write short conclusions.
(Keep data anonymous and respectful of privacy.)
Guidelines provided
Project guidance:
1. Collect or take photographs that illustrate each type of migration (e.g., farm labourers moving within villages, people moving to cities, families returning to villages, urban-to-urban movers).
2. Label each picture with location, type of migration and short caption explaining the context.
3. Organise the album by migration type and add an introduction and summary observations.
4. Respect privacy and obtain permission for any photos of people.
Guidelines provided
Steps:
1. List languages you expect to find and prepare a short survey.
2. Ask each classmate which language(s) they speak at home.
3. Count the number of speakers for each language.
4. Convert counts to percentages and draw a pie chart showing the share of each language.
5. Add a legend and brief interpretation (e.g., most common language, linguistic diversity).
Guidelines provided