Grounded in the chapter summary definition.
Globalisation is the rapid integration of countries through expanding trade, foreign investment, technology, information and internationally organised production. Goods, services and capital increasingly cross borders, and decisions in one economy affect producers, workers and consumers elsewhere.
Grounded in the trade-barrier and liberalisation section.
After Independence, India protected new domestic industries from strong foreign competition so they could develop capacity and conserve foreign exchange. From 1991, the government removed many barriers because it believed competition and foreign investment would improve efficiency, technology, quality and access to world markets. This policy shift is called liberalisation.
Grounded in the garment-industry discussion.
Flexible rules let companies hire workers for short periods, change shifts and reduce staff when demand falls. This lowers fixed labour costs and helps firms respond to competitive markets, but can reduce job security and benefits for workers.
Grounded in ‘Production across countries’.
MNCs establish wholly owned factories, form joint ventures with local firms, buy existing companies, place orders with small producers and control standards, price and delivery, or divide production across countries through global supply chains. They choose locations based on markets, labour, infrastructure, skills and government policies.
Model policy answer grounded in the WTO discussion and demand for fair globalisation.
Developed countries and their firms seek access to new markets, cheaper production locations and investment opportunities. Developing countries should demand genuinely reciprocal market access, reduction of rich-country agricultural subsidies and protectionism, fair technology transfer, labour and environmental standards, and policy space to protect vulnerable producers during transition.
Grounded in the chapter’s winners-and-losers evidence.
Well-off consumers have gained more brands, lower prices and improved quality. Large Indian companies and skilled workers in sectors such as IT have accessed investment and global markets. Some small firms have benefited as suppliers. But many small producers have lost markets to imports, and workers face temporary jobs, long hours and pressure on wages as exporters compete. Benefits therefore vary by wealth, skill, sector and bargaining power.
Grounded in the definition and consequences of liberalisation.
Removing quotas, tariffs and investment restrictions made imports, exports and foreign investment easier. MNCs could enter Indian markets, establish or acquire firms and organise supply chains, while Indian companies accessed foreign technology and markets. Lower barriers thus increased competition and connected production and consumption more closely with the world economy.
Sample example applying the chapter’s market-integration mechanism.
Foreign trade lets the same product compete across national markets, connecting prices, producers and consumer choices. For example, Indian spice exporters sell turmeric abroad while foreign supermarket demand influences quality standards and prices paid to processors and farmers. At the same time imported packaged spices compete in Indian shops. Decisions and demand in both markets become linked through trade.
Open-ended forecast extrapolating the chapter’s identified drivers.
A model forecast is deeper digital trade, remote services and automated supply chains, with production spread across countries but also some regionalisation to reduce risk. Clean-energy technologies and data may become major traded assets. Consumers may gain access, while workers need continual reskilling and stronger protections. This follows from the chapter’s drivers—technology, MNC investment and liberalisation—though climate and geopolitical shocks may change the pattern.
Balanced response grounded in the uneven-impact and fair-globalisation sections.
Both identify real effects. Globalisation has expanded exports, investment, technology, consumer choice and opportunities for some firms and skilled workers. It has also exposed small producers to intense competition and made many jobs insecure. The useful question is not whether it is wholly good or bad, but how rules distribute gains. Labour enforcement, support for small producers and fair international trade can make integration more inclusive.
Completions follow the chapter’s causal explanation.
globalisation; trade; India offers a large market and favourable production conditions such as relatively low-cost labour; competition; foreign investment; competition.
Grounded in the definition, investment routes and uneven impact.
(i) (b) goods, services and investments between countries. (ii) (b) buy existing local companies. (iii) (d) none of the above, because benefits have been uneven rather than reaching every person or only either listed group.