Neem is an example of a pinnately compound leaf. Silk cotton is an example of a palmately compound leaf. In both, the axillary bud is at the leaf base, not in the axils of individual leaflets.
In a pinnately compound leaf, leaflets are arranged on a common axis called rachis; in a palmately compound leaf, leaflets arise from a common point at the tip of the petiole.
Phyllotaxy is the arrangement of leaves on the stem or branch. In alternate phyllotaxy, one leaf arises at each node alternately, as in china rose, mustard and sunflower. In opposite phyllotaxy, a pair of leaves arises at each node opposite each other, as in Calotropis and guava. In whorled phyllotaxy, more than two leaves arise at a node and form a whorl, as in Alstonia.
Phyllotaxy may be alternate, opposite or whorled.
(a) Aestivation is arrangement of sepals or petals in the floral bud. (b) Placentation is arrangement of ovules inside the ovary. (c) Actinomorphic flowers can be divided into two equal radial halves in any radial plane. (d) Zygomorphic flowers can be divided into two equal halves only in one vertical plane. (e) A superior ovary occurs when the ovary occupies the highest position and other floral parts arise below it. (f) A perigynous flower has the gynoecium in the centre and other floral parts on the rim of the thalamus; the ovary is half-inferior. (g) Epipetalous stamens are stamens attached to petals, as in brinjal.
These terms describe arrangement of floral parts, ovules, floral symmetry, ovary position and stamen attachment.
(a) In racemose inflorescence, the main axis continues to grow and flowers are borne laterally in acropetal succession. In cymose inflorescence, the main axis terminates in a flower, growth is limited and flowers are borne in basipetal order. (b) In an apocarpous ovary, carpels are free, as in lotus and rose. In a syncarpous ovary, carpels are fused, as in mustard and tomato.
Racemose and cymose differ in growth of the main axis; apocarpous and syncarpous differ in fusion of carpels.
In marginal placentation, ovules are borne on a ridge along the ventral suture, as in pea. In axile placentation, ovules are attached to a central axis in a multilocular ovary, as in china rose, tomato and lemon. In parietal placentation, ovules develop on the inner wall or peripheral part of the ovary, as in mustard and Argemone. In free central placentation, ovules are borne on a central axis and septa are absent, as in Dianthus and Primrose. In basal placentation, a single ovule is attached at the base of the ovary, as in sunflower and marigold.
The main types are marginal, axile, parietal, free central and basal placentation.
A typical flower has four whorls arranged on the thalamus or receptacle: calyx, corolla, androecium and gynoecium. Calyx consists of sepals and protects the bud. Corolla consists of petals, often coloured to attract pollinators. Androecium consists of stamens, each with filament and anther, and produces pollen grains. Gynoecium consists of one or more carpels; each carpel has stigma, style and ovary containing ovules.
A flower is a modified shoot meant for sexual reproduction in angiosperms.
In racemose inflorescence, the main axis continues to grow and flowers are produced laterally in acropetal succession. In cymose inflorescence, the main axis terminates in a flower and growth is limited; flowers are produced in basipetal order.
Inflorescence is the arrangement of flowers on the floral axis. Its main types are based on whether the main axis continues growth or ends in a flower.
In hypogynous flowers, the gynoecium occupies the highest position and other parts are below it; the ovary is superior, as in mustard and china rose. In perigynous flowers, the gynoecium is central and other parts arise from the rim of the thalamus at nearly the same level; the ovary is half-inferior, as in plum, rose and peach. In epigynous flowers, the thalamus encloses and fuses with the ovary and other floral parts arise above it; the ovary is inferior, as in guava and cucumber.
Based on insertion on thalamus relative to ovary, flowers are hypogynous, perigynous or epigynous.