(a) crop (b) preparation (c) float (d) water and nutrients.
Kharif crops - paddy and maize; Rabi crops - wheat, gram and pea; Chemical fertilisers - urea and super phosphate; Organic manure - animal excreta, cow dung, urine and plant waste.
Kharif crops: paddy and maize. Rabi crops: wheat and gram.
Preparation of soil means loosening and turning the soil by ploughing so that roots can breathe and grow well. Sowing is placing healthy seeds at proper depth and spacing. Weeding is removal of unwanted plants that compete with crops for water, nutrients, space and light. Threshing is separating grains from the harvested stalks, often by beating or by a machine.
Fertilisers are factory-made inorganic salts rich in specific nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus or potassium. They act quickly but excessive use can harm soil and water. Manure is decomposed plant and animal waste. It adds humus, improves soil texture and water holding capacity, and supplies nutrients slowly.
Irrigation is supplying water to crops at regular intervals. Sprinkler irrigation sprays water like rain and is useful for uneven land. Drip irrigation supplies water drop by drop near the roots, reducing wastage and evaporation.
Wheat is a rabi crop and needs cool, dry winter conditions. If sown in the kharif season, excess rain and unsuitable temperature would damage growth, so the yield would be poor.
Continuous cropping removes the same nutrients repeatedly from soil. Without manure, fertilisers or crop rotation, the soil becomes nutrient deficient and less fertile.
Weeds are unwanted plants growing with crops. They can be controlled by tilling before sowing, manual removal, using a khurpi or seed drill, and carefully using weedicides before flowering and seed formation.
Preparation of soil -> ploughing the field -> sowing -> manuring -> irrigation -> harvesting -> sending crop to sugar factory.
Irrigation; storage; crop; harvester; gram; winnowing.