Ch 1Asexual and Sexual Reproduction in Plants
5-Mark Questions
What is reproduction?
Reproduction is the biological process by which organisms produce young ones of their own kind. It is a vital process essential for the existence and continuation of a species across generations. Reproduction also brings about suitable variations and genetic diversity in the offspring, which enables them to adapt to changing environmental conditions and improves their chances of survival on Earth. …
List out two sub-aerial stem modifications with example.
Subaerial stem modifications. The stem is partly aerial and partly underground. a) Runner. (Ex. oxalis, Centella Asiatica) * It is running horizontally on the soil surface. * Nodes have axillary buds, scale leaves, and adventitious roots. * Runner arises from the axillary bud. * Mother plant produces many runners in all directions. * They break off and grow into individual plants. b) Sucker. (Ex. Musa (banana), chrysanthemum) Grows horizontally for a distance under the soil. Then it emerges obliquely upwards. c) Stolon (Ex. Strawberry, Vallisneria) Develop from underground stems. …
2-Mark Questions
Mention the contribution of Hofmeister towards Embryology.
He worked on flowering plant embryology. Discovered alternation of generation in plants. He described the structure of pollen tetrad.
What are clones?
Individuals developed by asexual reproduction are morphologically and genetically identical to each other and to their parent organism. Such genetically identical individuals produced from a single parent through asexual reproduction are called clones. Since asexual reproduction does not involve the fusion of gametes and meiosis, there is no genetic recombination or variation, resulting in offspring that are exact genetic copies of the parent.
What is the endothelium?
In Asteraceae species, the inner layer of the integument becomes specialized to nourish the developing embryo sac and is called the integumentary tapetum or endothelium. This specialized layer plays a crucial role in providing nutrients and other essential substances required for the proper development and maturation of the female gametophyte, ensuring successful reproduction in these flowering plants.
1-Mark Questions (MCQ)
An eminent Indian embryologist is a) S.R.Kashyap b) P.Maheswari c) M.S. Swaminathan d) K.C.Mehta
b) P.Maheswari
Ch 2Classical Genetics
5-Mark Questions
What is meant by true-breeding or pure breeding lines/strain?
True breeding lines (pure breeding strains) means it has undergone continuous self-pollination having specific phenotype trait inheritance from parent to offspring. Mating within pure breeding lines produces offsprings having, specific parental traits that are the same in inheritance and expression for many generations. Parents are homozygous for every trait.
what is back cross?
back cross is a cross off Fi offsprings with either one of the parental genotypes. The recessive back cross helps to identify the heterozygosity of the hybrid. It involves the cross between the fi offspring with either of the parents dominant.
2-Mark Questions
In Mendel’s experiments with garden pea round seed shape (RR) was dominant over wrinkled seeds (rr), Yellow cotyledon on (YY) was dominant over green cotyledon (yy). What are the expected phenotypes in the F 2 generation of the cross RRYY x rryy? a) Only round seeds with green cotyledons b) Only wrinkled seeds with yellow cotyledons c) Only wrinkled seeds with green cotyledons d) Round seeds with yellow cotyledons and wrinkled seeds with yellow cotyledons
The expected phenotypes in the F2 generation would be d) Round seeds with yellow cotyledons and wrinkled seeds with yellow cotyledons. When RRYY is crossed with rryy, the F1 generation is all RrYy (round seeds with yellow cotyledons). When F1 hybrids are self-crossed, the F2 generation shows a 9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio. This produces nine round yellow, three round green, three wrinkled yellow, and one wrinkled green. …
Test cross involves a) Crossing between two genotypes with a recessive trait b) Crossing between two F 1 hybrids c) Crossing the F 1 hybrid with a double recessive genotype d) Crossing between two genotypes with dominant trait
The correct answer is c) Crossing the F1 hybrid with a double recessive genotype. A test cross is a specific type of cross used in genetics to determine the genotype of an organism displaying a dominant phenotype. In a test cross, an individual showing the dominant trait is crossed with a homozygous recessive individual (double recessive genotype). This cross reveals the hidden recessive alleles in the dominant parent and helps determine whether the dominant parent is homozygous dominant or heterozygous. …
Select the correct statement from the ones given below with respect to dihybrid cross a) Tightly linked genes on the same chromosomes show very few combinations b) Tightly linked genes on the same chromosomes show higher combinations c) Genes far apart on the same chromosomes show very few recombinations d) Genes loosely linked on the same chromosomes show similar recombinations as the tightly linked ones
The correct statement is a) Tightly linked genes on the same chromosomes show very few combinations. When genes are located close together on the same chromosome, they are said to be tightly linked. Tightly linked genes tend to be inherited together and show very few recombination events because crossing over between them occurs rarely. This results in fewer new combinations of alleles compared to genes that are far apart on the same chromosome. Genes that are far apart on the same chromosome show higher recombination frequencies because crossing over between them is more likely to occur. …
1-Mark Questions (MCQ)
Extra nuclear inheritance is a consequence of presence of genes in a) Mitrochondria and chloroplasts b) Endoplasmic reticulum and mitrochondria c) Ribosomes and chloroplast d) Lysososmes and ribosomes
a) Mitrochondria and chloroplasts
Ch 3Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance
5-Mark Questions
When two different genes came from same parent they tend to remain together. i) What is the name of this phenomenon? ii) Draw the cross with suitable example. iii) Write the observed phenotypic ratio.
i) The name of this phenomenon is known as Linkage. Linkage was first reported in the sweet pea plant Lathyrus odoratus by William Bateson and Reginald C. Punnett in 1906. In their experiments, genes for purple flower color and long pollen grain were found to be located close together on the same pair of homologous chromosomes. These genes did not assort independently as predicted by Mendel's law of independent assortment, and this tendency of genes to remain together and be inherited as a unit is called linkage. …
i) What is the name of this test cross? ii) How will you construct gene mapping from the above given data? iii) Find out the correct order of genes.
i) It is three point test cross – It refers to analysing the inheritance, patterns of three alleles by crossing a triple recessive herterozygote with a triple recessive homozygote. ii) The relative distance between the three alleles & the order in which they are located can be determined with the help of frequency of recombination between them. All the loci are linked because all the RF values are considerable less then 50%. In AC loci show highest RF value, they must be farthest apart. There fore the B locus must lie between them. The order of genes should be abc. A genetic map can be drawn. …
2-Mark Questions
The point mutation sequence for transition, transition, transversion and transversion in DNA are a) A to T, T to A, C to G and G to C b) A to G, C to T, C to G and T to A c) C to G, A to G, T to A and G to A d) G to C, A to T, T to A and C to G
Point mutations in DNA involve a change in a single nucleotide. Transitions are a type of point mutation where a purine is substituted for another purine (A to G or G to A) or a pyrimidine is substituted for another pyrimidine (C to T or T to C). Transversions are point mutations where a purine is substituted for a pyrimidine or vice versa (e.g., A to T, G to C, C to A, or T to G). The question provides four sequences of mutations and asks to identify the correct one representing two transitions and two transversions. …
When red eyed female Drosophila is crossed with white eyed male, the FI offsprings would be a) Females are with white eye and males are with red eye. b) Males are with red eye and females are with yellow eye. c) Both males and females are with red eye d) Both males and females are with white eye.
c) Both males and females are with red eye. In Drosophila, the eye color gene is located on the X chromosome. The red eye color is dominant over white eye color. When a red-eyed female (homozygous X^R X^R or heterozygous X^R X^w) is crossed with a white-eyed male (X^w Y), the results depend on the female's genotype. If the female is homozygous red-eyed (X^R X^R), all F1 offspring will have red eyes: females will be X^R X^w (red-eyed) and males will be X^R Y (red-eyed). …
Genes located close together on the same chromosome and inherited together represented as a) linked genes b) unlinked gene c) syntenic genes d) trans genes
a) linked genes. Linked genes are genes located close together on the same chromosome that tend to be inherited together as a unit. Because they are physically near each other on the chromosome, they do not assort independently during meiosis. The frequency of recombination between linked genes is lower than between unlinked genes, and this recombination frequency is used to determine the distance between genes on a chromosome. Linked genes show a characteristic pattern of inheritance where parental combinations appear more frequently than recombinant combinations in the offspring.
1-Mark Questions (MCQ)
An allohexaploidy contains a) Six different genomes b) Six copies of three different genomes c) Two copies of three different genomes d) Six copies of one genome
c) Two copies of three different genomes
Ch 4Principles and Processes of Biotechnology
5-Mark Questions
How do you use biotechnology in modern practice?
Biotechnology plays a pivotal role in modern practices across various industries, transforming product development and problem-solving. In the pharmaceutical sector, it is instrumental in the production of therapeutic proteins, vaccines, and diagnostic agents through recombinant DNA technology. The brewing industry utilizes microbial fermentation, a core biotechnological process, for the production of alcoholic beverages. …
You are working in a biotechnology lab with a bacterium namely E.Coli. How will you cut the nucleotide sequence? Explain it.
* The exact kind of cleavage produced by a v restriction enzyme is important in the • design of a gene cloning experiment. * Some cleave both strands of DNA through the centre resulting in blunt or flush end known as symmetric cuts. * Some restriction enzymes cut the strand of DNA, a little away from the centre of palindrome sites, between the same two bases on the opposite strands, protruding and recessed ends known as sticky or cohesive end, cuts known as asymmetric cut or staggered cuts. …
2-Mark Questions
What are the materials used to grow microorganisms like Spirulina?
Spirulina is a filamentous cyanobacterium that can be grown easily on various inexpensive and readily available materials, making it economically viable for large-scale cultivation. Spirulina can be cultured on waste water from potato processing plants, which contains residual starch that serves as a nutrient source. It can also be grown on straw, molasses, animal manure, and even sewage, all of which provide essential nutrients for its growth. …
What are the enzymes you can used to cut terminal end and internal phosphodiester bond of nucleotide sequence?
Two types of restriction enzymes are used to cut DNA at different positions based on their specificity. Restriction exonucleases are enzymes that cut the phosphodiester bonds at the terminal ends of DNA molecules, removing nucleotides from the 5' or 3' ends. These enzymes work from the ends of the DNA strand inward. In contrast, restriction endonucleases cut the internal phosphodiester bonds within the DNA molecule, creating breaks at specific recognition sequences located in the interior of the DNA strand. …
Choose the incorrect pair a.PBR 322 Ecoli cloning vector b.EcoRl — cIal, Hind 1H Restriction Enzyme c.ROP Protein involved in the replication of the plasmid d.PCR Technique in which multiple copies of the gene (or DNA) of interest is synthesized, invitro
The incorrect pair is c) ROP – Protein involved in the replication of the plasmid. ROP (Repressor of Primer) is actually a protein that regulates and inhibits the replication of the plasmid rather than being involved in promoting its replication. The other pairs are correct: PBR 322 is indeed a cloning vector used in E. coli, EcoRI, ClaI, and HindIII are all restriction enzymes, and PCR is the technique in which multiple copies of a gene or DNA of interest are synthesized in vitro.
1-Mark Questions (MCQ)
The process of recombinant DNA technology has the following steps I) Amplication of the gene II) Insertion of recombinant DNA into host cells III) Cutting of DNA at specific location using restriction enzyme IV) Isolation of genetic material(DNA) Pick out the correct sequence of step for recombinant DNA technology, a) II, III, IV, I b) IV, II, III, I c) I, II, III, IV d) IV, III, I, II
d) IV, III, I, II
Ch 5Plant Tissue Culture
5-Mark Questions
What is the name of the process given below? Write its 4 types.
The process illustrated is plant tissue culture, a technique that involves growing plant cells, tissues, or organs in a sterile laboratory environment on a nutrient medium. This method allows for rapid propagation, genetic manipulation, and conservation of plants. Based on the type of explant used, plant tissue culture is broadly classified into several types. Organ culture involves the growth of specific plant organs like roots, shoots, or leaves from explants. Meristem culture utilizes the apical or axillary meristems to regenerate entire plants, which are often virus-free. …
How will you avoid the growth of microbes in the nutrient medium during the culture process? What are the techniques used to remove the microbes?
The growth of microbes in the nutrient medium during the culture process can be effectively prevented and controlled through several sterilization techniques. Autoclaving is the most common and effective method, in which the culture medium is sterilized at a temperature of 121 degrees Celsius under a pressure of 15 psi for 15 to 30 minutes, depending on the volume and composition of the medium. This high temperature and pressure treatment effectively kills all microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, and their spores. …
2-Mark Questions
Totipotency refers to. a) capacity to generate genetically identical plants. b) capacity to generate a whole plant from any plant cell/explant. c) capacity to generate hybrid protoplasts. d) recovery of healthy plants from diseased plants.
Totipotency refers to the inherent capacity of a single plant cell, or a small group of cells (an explant), to dedifferentiate and then redifferentiate to regenerate an entire, complete, and genetically identical plant. This means that any living plant cell, whether it is a somatic cell from the root, stem, leaf, or even a specialized cell, has the potential to develop into a whole organism under appropriate conditions. …
Select the incorrect statement from given statement a) A tonic used for cardiac arrest is obtained from Digitalis purpuria b) Medicine used to treat Rheumatic pain is extracted from Capsicum annum c) An anti malarial drug is isolated from Cinchona officinalis. d) Anti – carcinogenic property is not seen in Catharanthus roseus.
The incorrect statement is d) Anti-carcinogenic property is not seen in Catharanthus roseus. This statement is false because Catharanthus roseus, commonly known as the Madagascar periwinkle, does indeed possess anti-carcinogenic properties and is a valuable source of alkaloids used in cancer treatment. The other statements are all correct: a tonic used for cardiac arrest is obtained from Digitalis purpurea, which contains cardiac glycosides; a medicine used to treat rheumatic pain is extracted from Capsicum annum, which contains capsaicin; and an anti-malarial drug is isolated from Cinchona of …
Cryopreservation means it is a process to preserve plant cells, tissues or organs a) at very low temperature by using ether. b) at very high temperature by using liquid nitrogen c) at very low temperature of -196 by using liquid nitrogen d) at very low temperature by using liquid nitrogen
The correct answer is c) at very low temperature of -196 by using liquid nitrogen. Cryopreservation is a technique used to preserve plant cells, tissues, and organs for extended periods by storing them at extremely low temperatures. Liquid nitrogen, which has a temperature of approximately -196 degrees Celsius, is the standard cryogenic agent used in cryopreservation. At this ultra-low temperature, all metabolic activities within the cells are essentially halted, allowing the biological material to be preserved indefinitely without degradation or loss of viability. …
1-Mark Questions (MCQ)
Protoplasts are transferred to sucrose solution to a) retain osmotic pressure b)retain viability c) restore solubility d) sterilize the protoplast
b) retain viability
Ch 6Principles of Ecology
5-Mark Questions
What is the ecological hierarchy? Name the levels of ecological hierarchy.
Ecological hierarchy refers to the different levels of biological organization that result from the interaction of organisms with their environment and with each other. The establishment of these groupings creates distinct levels of ecological organization. The levels of ecological hierarchy, arranged from the smallest to the largest unit of organization, are as follows: organism, which is an individual living being; population, consisting of all individuals of the same species living in a particular area; community, comprising all different populations of various species living and interactin …
What are ecological equivalents? Give one example.
Ecological equivalents are taxonomically unrelated species that occupy similar ecological niches in different geographical regions. These species have evolved independently but have adapted to similar environmental conditions and perform similar roles within their respective ecosystems. For instance, the epiphytic orchids found in the Western Ghats of India and those found in South America are ecological equivalents. …
2-Mark Questions
a. Hollard is total soil water content b. Echard is water not available to plant c. The visible part of the light is made up of wavelengths from 400 nm to 700 nm d. July 06 is Van Mahostav day
The incorrect pair is d. July 06 is Van Mahostav day. The other statements are correct: Hollard is the total soil water content, Echard is the water not available to plants, and the visible part of light spectrum is composed of wavelengths ranging from 400 nm to 700 nm. Van Mahotsav is celebrated on July 05, not July 06, making this statement factually incorrect.
Choose the odd man out: Isoetes Hydrilla, Potamogeton Ranunculus Mukia.
Mukia is the odd man out. Isoetes, Hydrilla, Potamogeton, and Ranunculus are all aquatic plants adapted to live in water environments, whereas Mukia is a terrestrial plant that grows on land. Mukia is a creeping or climbing herb belonging to the Cucurbitaceae family and does not share the aquatic habitat characteristic of the other four plants listed.
Choose the odd man out: Argemone, Mollugo, Tribulus Bryophyllum
Bryophyllum is the odd man out. Argemone, Mollugo, and Tribulus are all xerophytic plants adapted to survive in dry, arid environments with reduced water availability. These plants possess various xeromorphic features such as reduced leaf surface area, thick cuticles, and efficient water conservation mechanisms. Bryophyllum, however, is a succulent plant that stores water in its fleshy leaves and stems, making it a different type of drought-resistant plant with a distinct adaptation strategy compared to the typical xerophytes listed.
1-Mark Questions (MCQ)
Ecology is the study of an individual species is called i) Community ecology ii) Autecology iii) Species ecology iv) Synecology a. i only b. ii only c. i and iv only d. ii and iii only
d. ii and iii only
Ch 7Ecosystem
5-Mark Questions
The productivity of the profundal zone will be low. Why?
The productivity of the profundal zone is very low because this zone lies below the limnetic zone at considerable depth where light penetration is minimal or completely absent. Since the profundal zone lacks sufficient light energy, photosynthesis cannot occur effectively, and therefore the primary productivity is severely limited. The producers of the pond ecosystem, primarily phytoplankton, depend on light energy for photosynthesis to synthesize organic compounds. …
Discuss the gross primary productivity is more efficient than net primary productivity. Grass primary productivity (GPP)
Gross Primary Productivity (GPP) represents the total rate at which solar energy is converted into chemical energy in the form of organic compounds by autotrophs through photosynthesis within an ecosystem. It is the absolute maximum potential for energy capture. Net Primary Productivity (NPP), on the other hand, is the amount of energy that remains available to consumers after the producers have respired. It is the GPP minus the energy lost through the plant's own metabolic processes, primarily respiration. …
2-Mark Questions
Succession occur in which area ?
Ecological succession occurs in areas that have been disturbed or altered, leading to the colonization of new or previously inhabited sites by different communities of organisms over time. This can happen in areas that have experienced natural disturbances such as floods, which alter soil conditions and remove existing vegetation, or earthquakes, which can cause significant physical changes to the landscape. …
The type of succession takes less time to the time taken for primary succession ?
Secondary succession takes less time compared to the time taken for primary succession. Secondary succession occurs in areas where soil is already present and some pioneer species may remain, allowing faster recolonization and community development. Primary succession, on the other hand, must begin on bare substrate with no soil or existing vegetation, making it a much slower process.
Rooted floating plants like Nelumbo Nymphaea and Trapa and free floating SPS wolffia and lemna are present in this stage is
The submerged free floating stage is characterized by the presence of rooted floating plants such as Nelumbo, Nymphaea, and Trapa, as well as free floating plants like Wolffia and Lemna. These plants are adapted to aquatic environments where they remain partially or fully submerged in water. This stage represents an early phase of aquatic succession where floating vegetation begins to colonize freshwater bodies such as ponds and lakes, gradually modifying the environment for subsequent stages of ecological development.
1-Mark Questions (MCQ)
The plants which colonize first in a barren ………….. area is called a. Pioneers b. Serai c. Autogenic d. Allogenic
a. Pioneers
Ch 8Environmental Issues
5-Mark Questions
Expand CCS.
CCS – Carbon capture and storage. * Carbon capture and storage is a technology of capturing carbon dioxide and inject it deep into the underground rocks at a depth of 1 km (or) more. * It is an approach to mitigate global warming. Example: * It is capturing CO 2 released from industries and power plants. * Such as declining oil fields, gas fields saline aquifers and unmineable coal have been suggested as storage sites. * Various safe sites have been selected for permanent storage. * liquid storage in ocean and solid storage by reduction of CO 2 with metal oxide to produce stable carbonates. …
How do forests help in maintaining the climate?
Forest regulate co2 levels in the atmosphere. If greater the forest area more CO 2 is removed and the impact of global climate change is decreased. They regulate ecosystem, protect biodiversity, play an integral part in the carbon cycle. In the tropics water evaporates naturally from trees, increasing cloud cover and keeping temperature cooling.
2-Mark Questions
Choose the incorrect statement related to forestry. a) The tank foreshore plantations have been a major source of firewood in Tamilnadu. b) The production of woody plants combined with pasture is referred to silvopasture system. c) Trees provide micro climate for crops and maintain 0 2 – CO 2 balance. d) Agro-forestry is an integration of trees, animals, water bodies and humans.
d) Agro-forestry is an integration of trees, animals, water bodies and humans. This statement is incorrect because agroforestry is specifically defined as the integration of trees with crops and livestock on the same land, not necessarily with water bodies and humans as primary components. Agroforestry focuses on the deliberate combination of woody plants with agricultural crops and pasture systems to optimize land use and productivity. Tank foreshore plantations have indeed been a major source of firewood in Tamil Nadu (option a is correct). …
With respect to Eichhornia. Statement A: It drains off oxygen from water and is seen growing in standing water. Statement B: It is an indigenous spicies of our country. a) Statement A is correct and Statement B is wrong. b) Both Statements A and B are correct. c) Statement A is correct and Statement B is wrong. d) Both Statements A and Bare wrong.
a) Statement A is correct and Statement B is wrong. Eichhornia crassipes, commonly known as water hyacinth, does drain off oxygen from water bodies and is characteristically seen growing in standing water, making Statement A correct. However, Eichhornia is not an indigenous species of India; it is an invasive aquatic plant that originated from South America and was introduced to India, making Statement B incorrect. Therefore, option a accurately reflects that Statement A is correct while Statement B is wrong.
Find the wrongly matched pair. a) Endemism – Species confined to a region and not found anywhere else. b) Hotspots – Western ghats. c) Ex-situ Conservation – Zoological parks. d) Sacred groves – Saintri hills of Rajasthan. e) Alien sp. Of India – Water hyacinth.
The wrongly matched pair is (e) Alien sp. of India – Water hyacinth. Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) is indeed an invasive alien species in India, causing significant ecological and economic problems. However, the question asks to find the wrongly matched pair, implying that one of the other options might be incorrect or less accurate as a representation of the category. Let's re-examine the options: a) Endemism is correctly defined as species confined to a specific region. b) Western Ghats are a well-known biodiversity hotspot. c) Zoological parks are a form of ex-situ conservation. …
1-Mark Questions (MCQ)
Which of the following would most likely help to slow down the greenhouse effect. a) Converting tropical forests in to grazing land for cattle. b) Ensuring that all excess paper packing is buried to ashes. c) Redesigning landfill dumps to allow methane to be collected. a) Promoting the use of private rather than puplic transport.
c) Redesigning landfill dumps to allow methane to be collected. This option would most likely help to slow down the greenhouse effect because methane is a potent greenhouse gas that contributes significantly to global warming. By collecting methane from landfills before it is released into the atmosphere, the amount of this greenhouse gas entering the environment is reduced, thereby decreasing its contribution to the greenhouse effect. …
Ch 9Plant Breeding
5-Mark Questions
Differentiate primary introduction from secondary introduction
Primary introduction refers to the introduction of a plant variety to a new geographical region where the introduced variety is well adapted to the new environment and there is no alteration to the original genotype. The variety maintains its genetic constitution and is directly cultivated in the new region. Secondary introduction, on the other hand, involves the introduction of a plant variety that is subsequently subjected to selection and improvement. …
How are microbial innoculants used to increase the soil fertility?
Biofertilizers or microbial inoculants are preparations containing living cells or latent cells of efficient strains of microorganisms that enhance crop plant nutrient uptake through their interactions in the rhizosphere when applied through seed or soil. These microbial inoculants are efficient in fixing atmospheric nitrogen, solubilizing insoluble phosphate compounds, and decomposing cellulose in the soil. They are specifically designed to improve soil fertility, promote plant growth, and increase the number and biological activity of beneficial microorganisms in the soil ecosystem. …
2-Mark Questions
Match Column I with Column II
The matching of Column I with Column II is as follows: i - III, ii - I, iii - IV, iv - II. This type of question typically involves associating terms or concepts in one column with their corresponding definitions, examples, or related items in the other column. Without the content of Column I and Column II, a detailed explanation cannot be provided, but the answer indicates a specific pairing has been correctly identified according to the question's requirements.
Match column I (crop) with column II (Corresponding disease resistant variety) and select the correct option from the given codes.
b) I-(ii), II-(i), IH-(iii), IV-(iv)
Match list I with list II List I List II Biofertilizer Organisms i. Free living N2 a. Aspergillus ii. Symbiotic N2 b. Arnanita iii. P Solubilizing c. Anabaena azollae iv. P Mobilizingd. d. Azotobactor a. i c, ii a, iii b, iv d b. i d, ii c, iii a, iv b c. i a, ii c, iii b, iv d, d. i b, ii a, iii d, iv c
The correct matching of biofertilizers with their corresponding organisms is: Free-living Nitrogen fixers include Azotobacter and Anabaena azollae. Symbiotic Nitrogen fixers include Rhizobium (though not listed, it's a key example) and Anabaena (in association with Azolla). Phosphorus Solubilizing organisms include Aspergillus. Phosphorus Mobilizing organisms include bacteria that make insoluble phosphates available. Based on the options, the correct match is: i. Free living N2 - Azotobacter (d), ii. Symbiotic N2 - Anabaena azollae (c), iii. P Solubilizing - Aspergillus (a), iv. …
1-Mark Questions (MCQ)
While studying the history of domestication of various cultivated plants ………………. were recognized earlier. a) Centres of origin b) Centres of domestication c) Centres of hybrid d) Centres of variation
a) Centres of origin
Ch 10Economically Useful Plants and Entrepreneurial Botany
5-Mark Questions
Enlist the uses of finger millet?
Rich in calcium Staple food of south hilly regions in India. Ragi is made into porridge and gruel. Ragi malt is a nutrient drink It is the source of fermented beverage.
Which is the only pulse native to southern India? Give it’s uses?
Red gram (Pigeon pea) Cajanus cajan is the only pulse native to south India. Uses: * Major ingredient of Sambar * Roasted, salted, unsalted seeds are snacks. * Young pods are cooked and consumed.
2-Mark Questions
Name the 3 grass species of food plants?
Rice, Wheat, Maize.
What are the nutrients provided by cereals?
Cereals provide a comprehensive range of nutrients essential for human health and nutrition. These include carbohydrates, which serve as the primary source of energy, proteins necessary for growth and tissue repair, dietary fibres important for digestive health, vitamins including B-complex vitamins and vitamin E, and minerals such as iron, zinc, magnesium, and phosphorus. This nutritional profile makes cereals a fundamental component of balanced diets across the world.
Classify cereals based on size? Give example.
Major Cereals. Eg. Rice, Wheat Minor Cereals. Eg. Millet’s, Sorghum
1-Mark Questions (MCQ)
Consider the following statements and choose the right option. i) Cereals are members of grass family ii) Most of the food grains come from monocotyledon a) (i) is correct and (ii) is wrong b) Both (i) and (ii) are correct c) (i) is wrong and (ii) is correct d) Both (i) and (ii) are wrong
b) Both (i) and (ii) are correct
Frequently asked questions
- What is reproduction?
- Reproduction is the biological process by which organisms produce young ones of their own kind. It is a vital process essential for the existence and continuation of a species across generations. Reproduction also brings about suitable variations and genetic diversity in the offspring, which enables them to adapt to changing environmental conditions and improves their chances of survival on Earth. …
- List out two sub-aerial stem modifications with example.
- Subaerial stem modifications. The stem is partly aerial and partly underground. a) Runner. (Ex. oxalis, Centella Asiatica) * It is running horizontally on the soil surface. * Nodes have axillary buds, scale leaves, and adventitious roots. * Runner arises from the axillary bud. * Mother plant produces many runners in all directions. * They break off and grow into individual plants. b) Sucker. (Ex. Musa (banana), chrysanthemum) Grows horizontally for a distance under the soil. Then it emerges obliquely upwards. c) Stolon (Ex. Strawberry, Vallisneria) Develop from underground stems. …
- Mention the contribution of Hofmeister towards Embryology.
- He worked on flowering plant embryology. Discovered alternation of generation in plants. He described the structure of pollen tetrad.
- What are clones?
- Individuals developed by asexual reproduction are morphologically and genetically identical to each other and to their parent organism. Such genetically identical individuals produced from a single parent through asexual reproduction are called clones. Since asexual reproduction does not involve the fusion of gametes and meiosis, there is no genetic recombination or variation, resulting in offspring that are exact genetic copies of the parent.
These important questions are selected from the Samacheer Kalvi Class 12 Botany textbook book-back exercises to help you revise the most useful questions. Mark weightage (5/2/1) follows the usual exam pattern and may vary by exam — always check your latest syllabus and question pattern. Open each chapter for the complete set of questions and answers.