Maths · Volume 1 · Chapter 3

Samacheer Class 12 Maths - Theory of Equations

40 Book Back Q&AVerified AnswersFree Content

Complete Class 12 Mathematics book back solutions for Theory of Equations with exam-ready answers.

Every answer on this page includes a verified and validated tag for study confidence.
What's on this page
EXERCISE 3.1 9EXERCISE 3.2 5EXERCISE 3.3 7EXERCISE 3.4 2EXERCISE 3.5 7EXERCISE 3.6 5Choose the correct 5
📝 Don't just read — test yourselfFree flashcards + scored self-test · no sign-in
Your Progress - Chapter 30% complete
EXERCISE 3.1EXERCISE 3.19 questions
Q.1If the sides of a cubic box are increased by 1, 2, 3 units respectively to form a cuboid, then the volume is increased by 52 cubic units. Find the volume of the cuboid.v
Solution

Let the cube side be a (>0). New cuboid sides: a+1,a+2,a+3. Increase in volume: (a+1)(a+2)(a+3)-a^3 = 52. Expand: a^3+6a^2+11a+6 - a^3 = 6a^2+11a+6 = 52. So 6a^2+11a-46=0. Discriminant Δ = 11^2+4·6·46 = 121+1104=1225=(35)^2. Thus a = (-11±35)/(12) gives a=2 or a=-23/6. Reject negative. So a=2 and cuboid volume = (3)(4)(5)=60.

Answer:

60

Q.2Construct a cubic equation with roots (i) 1, 2, and 3 (ii) 1, 1, and −2 (iii) 2, 1/2, and 1.v
Solution

(i) (x-1)(x-2)(x-3)=x^3-6x^2+11x-6. (ii) (x-1)^2(x+2)= (x^2-2x+1)(x+2)=x^3-3x+2. (iii) (x-2)(x-1/2)(x-1)= x^3-(7/2)x^2+(7/2)x-1; clearing denominators: 2x^3-7x^2+7x-2=0.

Answer:

(i) x^3-6x^2+11x-6=0 (ii) x^3-3x+2=0 (iii) 2x^3-7x^2+7x-2=0

Q.3If α, β and γ are the roots of the cubic equation x³ + 2x² + 3x + 4 = 0, form a cubic equation whose roots are
(i) 2α, 2β, 2γ,
(ii) $\frac{1}{α}$, $\frac{1}{β}$, $\frac{1}{γ}$
(iii) – α, – β, – γ
v
Solution

(i) Given that α, β, γ are the roots of x 3 + 2x 2 + 3x + 4 = 0
Compare with x 3 + bx 2 + cx + d = 0
b = 2, c = 3, d = 4
α + β + γ = -6 = -2
αβ + βγ + γα = c = 3
αβγ = -d = -4
Given roots are 2α, 2β, 2γ
2α + 2β + 2γ = 2 (α + β + γ)
= 2 (-2)
= -4
(2α) (2β) + (2β) (2γ) + (2γ) (2α) = (4αβ + 4βγ + 4γα)
= 4(αβ + βγ + γα)
= 4(3)
= 12
(2α) (2β) (2γ) = 8(αβγ)
= 8(-4)
= -32
The equation is
x 3 – x 2 (2α + 2β + 2γ) + x (4αβ + 4βγ + 4γα) – 8 (αβγ) = 0
⇒ x 3 – x 2 (-4) + x (12) – (-32) = 0
⇒ x 3 + 4x 2 + 12x + 32 = 0
(ii) The new roots are $\frac{1}{α}$, $\frac{1}{β}$, $\frac{1}{γ}$

⇒ 4x³ + 3x² + 2x + 1 = 0
(iii) The given roots are -α, -β, -γ
The cubic equation is
x 3 – x 2 (-α – β – γ) + x (αβ + βγ + γα) + (αβγ) = 0
⇒ x 3 + x 2 (α + β + γ) + x (αβ + βγ + γα) + (αβγ) = 0
⇒ x 3 + x 2 (-2) + x (3) – 4 = 0
⇒ x 3 – 2x 2 + 3x – 4 = 0

Answer:

⇒ x 3 + x 2 (α + β + γ) + x (αβ + βγ + γα) + (αβγ) = 0 ⇒ x 3 + x 2 (-2) + x (3) – 4 = 0 ⇒ x 3 – 2x 2 + 3x – 4 = 0

Q.4Solve the equation 3x^3-16x^2+23x-6=0 if the product of two roots is 1.v
Solution

For 3x^3-16x^2+23x-6=0, product of all roots = -d/a = -(-6)/3 = 2. If two roots have product 1, the third root = 2/1 =2, so x=2 is a root. Divide polynomial by (x-2): quotient 3x^2-10x+3. Solve 3x^2-10x+3=0 ⇒ x=(10±√(100-36))/6=(10±8)/6 → x=3 or x=1/3. So roots 2,3,1/3 (two of which multiply to 1: 3·1/3=1).

Answer:

Roots: 3, 2, 1/3

Q.5Find the sum of squares of roots of the equation 2x 4 – 8x³ + 6x² – 3 = 0.v
Solution

The given equation is 2x 4 – 8x 3 + 6x 2 – 3 = 0.
(÷ 2) ⇒ x 4 – 4x 3 + 3x 2 – $\frac{3}{2}$ = 0
Let the roots be α, β, γ, δ
α + β + γ + δ = -b = 4
(αβ + βγ + γδ + αδ + αγ + βδ) = c = 3
αβγ + βγδ + γδα = -d = 0
αβγδ = $\frac{-3}{2}$
To Find α 2 + β 2 + γ 2 + δ 2 = (α + β + γ + δ) 2 – 2 (αβ + βγ + γδ + αδ + αγ + βδ)
= (4) 2 – 2(3)
= 16 – 6
= 10

Answer:

= (4) 2 – 2(3) = 16 – 6 = 10

Q.6Solve the equation x³ – 9x² + 14x + 24 = 0 if it is given that two of its roots are in the ratio 3: 2.v
Solution

Let the roots are 3α, 2α, β
sum of the roots are
3α + 2α + β = 9
5α + β = 9 ………. (1)
Product of two roots
3α(2α) + 2α(β) + β(3α) = 14
6α² + 5αβ = 14 ……… (2)
Product of three roots
(3α) (2α)β = -24
α²β = -4 ………. (3)
(1) ⇒ β = 9 – 5 α
(2) ⇒ 6α² + 5α (9 – 5α) = 14
6α² + 45α – 25α² = 14
-19α² + 45α – 14 = 0
19α² – 45α + 14 = 0
(α – 2) (α – $\frac{7}{19}$) = 0
α = 2 or α = $\frac{7}{19}$
If α = 2, β = 9 – 5 (α) = 9 – 5(2) = 9 – 10 = -1
roots are 3α, 2α, β
3(2), 2(2), -1 (i,e.,) 6, 4, -1
If α = $\frac{7}{19}$, β = 9 – 5($\frac{7}{19}$) = ($\frac{136}{19}$)
roots are 3α, 2α, β (i,e.,) $\frac{21}{19}$, $\frac{14}{19}$, $\frac{136}{19}$

Answer:

3(2), 2(2), -1 (i,e.,) 6, 4, -1 If α = $\frac{7}{19}$, β = 9 – 5($\frac{7}{19}$) = ($\frac{136}{19}$) roots are 3α, 2α, β (i,e.,) $\frac{21}{19}$, $\frac{14}{19}$, $\frac{136}{19}$

Q.7If α, β, and γ are the roots of ax^3+bx^2+cx+d=0, find the value of Σ α/(βγ) in terms of coefficients.v
Solution

Σ α/(βγ) = α/(βγ)+β/(γα)+γ/(αβ) = (α^2+β^2+γ^2)/(αβγ). Now α^2+β^2+γ^2 = (α+β+γ)^2 -2(αβ+βγ+γα) = (-b/a)^2 -2(c/a) = (b^2 -2ac)/a^2. Also αβγ = -d/a. Hence Σ α/(βγ) = [(b^2-2ac)/a^2] / (-d/a) = (b^2-2ac)/(-ad) = (2ac-b^2)/(ad).

Answer:

Σ α/(βγ) = (2ac - b^2)/(ad)

Q.8If α, β, γ and δ are the roots of the polynomial equation 2x 4 + 5x³ – 7x² + 8 = 0, find a quadratic equation with integer coefficients whose roots are α + β + γ + δ and αβγδ.v
Solution


pq = ($\frac{-5}{2}$)(4) = -10
x² – (p + q)x + pq = 0
x² – $\frac{3}{2}$x – 10 = 0
2x² – 3x – 20 = 0

Answer:

x² – (p + q)x + pq = 0 x² – $\frac{3}{2}$x – 10 = 0 2x² – 3x – 20 = 0

Q.9A 12-meter tall tree was broken into two parts. It was found that the height of the part which was left standing was the cube root of the length of the part that was cut away. Formulate this into a mathematical problem to find the height of the part which was cut away.v
Solution

Let the height of the tree = 12
length of the cut part = x³
Length of left out part = $\sqrt[3]{x^{3}}$
= x
Given x + x³ = 12
x³ + x – 12 = 0

Which is required mathematical problem

Answer:

Given x + x³ = 12 x³ + x – 12 = 0 Which is required mathematical problem

EXERCISE 3.2EXERCISE 3.25 questions
Q.1If k is real, discuss the nature of the roots of 2x^2 + kx + k = 0 in terms of k.v
Solution

For ax^2+bx+c with a=2,b=k,c=k, discriminant Δ = k^2 - 4·2·k = k^2 -8k = k(k-8). So (i) Δ>0 ⇒ k<0 or k>8: two distinct real roots. (ii) Δ=0 ⇒ k=0 or k=8: equal real roots. (iii) 0<k<8 ⇒ Δ<0: two complex conjugate roots.

Answer:

Discriminant Δ = k^2 - 8k. Roots real and distinct if Δ>0 ⇔ k(k-8)>0 ⇒ k<0 or k>8. Real and equal if k=0 or k=8. Complex conjugate if 0<k<8.

Q.2Find a polynomial of minimum degree with rational coefficients having 2+3i as a root.v
Solution

Complex conjugate 2-3i is also a root. Minimal polynomial is (x-(2+3i))(x-(2-3i)) = (x-2)^2 + 9 = x^2 -4x +13.

Answer:

x^2 - 4x + 13 = 0

Q.3Find a polynomial of minimum degree with rational coefficients having 2+3i as a root. (duplicate of previous)v
Solution

Same as previous: include the conjugate 2-3i; minimal polynomial (x-(2+3i))(x-(2-3i)) = x^2 -4x +13.

Answer:

x^2 - 4x + 13 = 0

Q.4Find a polynomial equation of minimum degree with rational coefficients, having √5 – √3 as a root.v
Solution

Let the root be √5 – √3,
Another root is √5 + √3
Sum of the roots = √5 – √3 + √5 + √3 = 2√5
Product of roots = (√5 – √3) (√5 + √3)
√5² – √3² = 5 – 3 = 2
x² – (SR)x + PR = 0
x² – 2√5 x + 2 = 0 which is not rational co-efficient.
to make rational co-efficient
(x² + 2√5 x + 2) (x² + 2 + 2√5 x) = 0
(x² + 2)² – (2√5x)² = 0
x 4 + 4 + 4x² – 20x² = 0
⇒ x 4 – 16x² + 4 = 0 is a rational co-efficient polynomial equation.

Answer:

(x² + 2)² – (2√5x)² = 0 x 4 + 4 + 4x² – 20x² = 0 ⇒ x 4 – 16x² + 4 = 0 is a rational co-efficient polynomial equation.

Q.5Prove that a straight line and parabola cannot intersect at more than two points.v
Solution

Let parabola y = ax^2 + bx + c and line y = px + q. Intersection points satisfy ax^2 + bx + c = px + q ⇒ ax^2 + (b-p)x + (c-q) = 0, a quadratic in x. A quadratic has at most two distinct real roots, so the line and parabola intersect in at most two points.

Answer:

Intersection reduces to solving a quadratic; at most two real solutions.

EXERCISE 3.3EXERCISE 3.37 questions
Q.1Solve the cubic equation: 2x³ – x² – 18x + 9 = 0 if sum of two of its roots vanishes.v
Solution

The given equation is 2x 3 – x 2 – 18x + 9 = 0
$x^{3}-\frac{x^{2}}{2}-9 x+\frac{9}{2}=0$
Let the roots be α, -α, β
α – α + β = $-\left(\frac{-1}{2}\right)$
$\Rightarrow \beta=\frac{1}{2}$
(α) (-α) (β) = $\frac{-9}{2}$
$\Rightarrow-\alpha^{2}\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)=\frac{-9}{2}$
α 2 = 9
α = ±3
The roots are 3, -3, $\frac { 1 }{ 2 }$

Answer:

α 2 = 9 α = ±3 The roots are 3, -3, $\frac { 1 }{ 2 }$

Q.2Solve the equation 9x³ – 36x² + 44x – 16 = 0 if the roots form an arithmetic progression.v
Solution

Given the roots are in AP
Let the roots be a – d, a, a + d

Answer:

Given the roots are in AP Let the roots be a – d, a, a + d

Q.3Solve the equation 3x³ – 26x² + 52x – 24 = 0 if its roots form a geometric progression.v
Solution


3 + 3λ + 3λ² = 13λ
3λ² + 3λ – 13λ + 3 = 0
3λ² – 10λ + 3 = 0
(λ – 3) (3λ – 1) = 0
λ = 6 or λ = $\frac{1}{3}$

Answer:

3λ² – 10λ + 3 = 0 (λ – 3) (3λ – 1) = 0 λ = 6 or λ = $\frac{1}{3}$

Q.4Determine k and solve the equation 2x³ – 6x² + 3x + k = 0 if one of its roots is twice the sum of the other two roots.v
Solution

Given cubic equation
2x³ – 6x² + 3x + k = 0
Let the roots be α, β, γ
Given α = 2(β + γ)
β + γ = $\frac{α}{2}$ ………. (1)
Sum of roots α(β + γ) = 3
From (1) α + $\frac{α}{2}$ = 3
$\frac{3α}{2}$ = 3 ⇒ α = 2
Again αβ + βγ + γα = $\frac{3}{2}$
α = 2 ⇒ 2β + βγ + 2γ = $\frac{3}{2}$
from (1) 2($\frac{α}{2}$) + βγ = $\frac{3}{2}$
βγ = $\frac{3}{2}$ – 2 = $\frac{3-4}{2}$ = $\frac{-1}{2}$
βγ = $\frac{-1}{2}$ ………… (2)
product of roots α β γ = –$\frac{k}{2}$
α = 2 ⇒ 2βγ = –$\frac{k}{2}$
βγ = –$\frac{k}{4}$ ………… (3)

Answer:

product of roots α β γ = –$\frac{k}{2}$ α = 2 ⇒ 2βγ = –$\frac{k}{2}$ βγ = –$\frac{k}{4}$ ………… (3)

Q.5Find all zeros of the polynomial x 6 – 3x 5 – 5x 4 + 22x³ – 39x² – 39x + 135, if it is known that 1 + 2i and √3 are two of its zeros.v
Solution

(i) Given that 1 + 2i, √3
Another roots be 1 – 2i, -√3
sum of roots = 1 + 2i + 1 – 2i
product roots = (1 + 2i)(1 – 2i)
1² + 2² = 1 + 4 = 5
x² – 2x + 5 = 0
(ii) sum of roots = √3 – √3
product roots = (√3)(-√3)
x² – 0x – 3 = 0
x² – 3 = 0
(x² – 2x + 5)(x² – 3) = x 4 – 2x³ + 2x² + 6x – 15
x 6 – 3x 5 – 5x 4 + 22x³ – 39x² – 39x + 135
= (x 4 – 2x³ + 2x² + 6x – 15) (x² + px – 9)
Equate of co-efficient of x on both sides
-39 = -54 – 15 p
-39 + 54 = -15 p
15 = -15 p
p = -1
∴ x² – x – 9 = 0

Answer:

15 = -15 p p = -1 ∴ x² – x – 9 = 0

Q.6Solve the cubic equations:
(i) 2x³ – 9x² + 10x = 3,
2x³ – 9x² + 10x – 3 = 0
v
Solution

(i) 2x³ – 9x² + 10x = 3
2x³ – 9x² + 10x – 3 = 0
sum of the coefficients 2 – 9 + 10 – 3 = 0
∴ x = 1 is one of the roots.

2x² – 7x + 3 = 0
(x – 3)(2x – 1) = 0
x = 3 or x = $\frac{1}{2}$
roots are 3, $\frac{1}{2}$, 1
(ii) 8x³ – 2x² – 7x + 3 = 0
sum of the alternative coefficients are equal
8 – 7 = -2 + 3
1 = 1
∴ (x + 1) is a factor.

8x² – 10x + 3 = 0
(4x – 3) (2x – 1) = 0
4x = 3 (or) 2x = 1
x = $\frac{3}{4}$ (or) $\frac{1}{2}$
∴ The roots are $\frac{3}{4}$, $\frac{1}{2}$, -1

Answer:

4x = 3 (or) 2x = 1 x = $\frac{3}{4}$ (or) $\frac{1}{2}$ ∴ The roots are $\frac{3}{4}$, $\frac{1}{2}$, -1

Q.7Solve the equation:
x 4 – 14x² + 45 = 0
v
Solution

Put t = x² ⇒ (x²)² – 14x² + 45 = 0
t² – 14t + 45 = 0
t² – 9t – 5t + 45 = 0
t(t – 9) – 5(t – 9) = 0
(t – 9)(t – 5) = 0
t – 9 = 0 or t – 5 = 0
t = 9 or t = 5
x² = 9 or x² = 5
x = ± 3 or y = ±√5
The roots are ±3, ±√5

Answer:

x² = 9 or x² = 5 x = ± 3 or y = ±√5 The roots are ±3, ±√5

EXERCISE 3.4EXERCISE 3.42 questions
Q.1Solve:
(i) (x – 5) (x – 7) (x + 6)(x + 4) = 504
v
Solution

(x – 5) (x + 4) (x – 7) (x + 6) = 504
(x 2 – x – 20) (x 2 – x – 42) = 504
Let y = (x 2 – x)
(y – 20) (y – 42) = 504
⇒ y 2 – 42y – 20y + 840 = 504
⇒ y 2 – 62y + 336 = 0
⇒ (y – 56) (y – 6) = 0
⇒ (y – 56) = 0 or (y – 6) = 0
⇒ x 2 – x – 56 = 0 or x 2 – x – 6 = 0
⇒ (x – 8) (x + 7) = 0 or (x – 3) (x + 2) = 0
⇒ x = 8, -7 or x = 3, -2
The roots are 8, -7, 3, -2
(ii) (x – 4)(x – 2)(x- 7)(x + 1) = 16
(x – 4) (x – 7) (x – 2) (x + 1) = 16
⇒ (x – 4) (x – 2) (x – 7) (x + 1) = 16
⇒ (x 2 – 6x + 8) (x 2 – 6x – 7) = 16
Let x 2 – 6x = y
(y + 8)(y – 7) = 16
⇒ y 2 – 7y + 8y – 56 – 16 = 0
⇒ y 2 + y – 72 = 0
⇒ (y + 9) (y – 8) = 0
y + 9 = 0
x 2 – 6x + 9 = 0
(x – 3) 2 = 0
x = 3, 3
or
y – 8 = 0
x 2 – 6x – 8 = 0

Answer:

or y – 8 = 0 x 2 – 6x – 8 = 0

Q.2Solve:
(2x – 1)(x + 3)(x – 2)(2x + 3) + 20 = 0
v
Solution

(x + 3)(x – 2) (2x – 1)(2x + 3) + 20 = 0
(x² + x – 6) (4x² + 6x – 2x – 3) + 20 = 0
(x² + x – 6) (4x² + 4x – 3) + 20 = 0
(x² + x – 6) (x² + 4x – $\frac{3}{4}$) + 20 = 0
(÷4) (x² + x – 6) (x² + x – $\frac{3}{4}$) + $\frac{20}{4}$ = 0
Put y = x² + x

4y² – 27y – 38 = 0
4y² – 8y – 19y + 38 = 0
(4y – 19) (y – 2) = 0
y = 2 (or) y = $\frac{19}{4}$
x² + x = 2 (or) x² + x = $\frac{19}{4}$
x² + x – 2 = 0 (or) 4x² + 4x = 19
(x + 2)(x – 1) = 0 (or) 4x² + 4x – 19 = 0
x = -2 or x = 1

Answer:

x² + x – 2 = 0 (or) 4x² + 4x = 19 (x + 2)(x – 1) = 0 (or) 4x² + 4x – 19 = 0 x = -2 or x = 1

EXERCISE 3.5EXERCISE 3.57 questions
Q.1Solve the following equations
(i) sin² x – 5 sin x + 4 = 0
v
Solution

sin 2 x – 5sinx + 4 = 0
Let y = sin x
(y 2 – 5y + 4 = 0
(y – 1) (y – 4) = 0
(y – 1) = o or (y – 4) = 0
y = 1 or y = 4
sin x = 1 or sin x = 4 [not possible since sin x ≤ 1]
sin x = sin $\frac{\pi}{2}$
x = nπ + (-1) n α, n ∈ z.
x = nπ + (-1) n $\frac{\pi}{2}$
(ii) 12x³ + 8x = 29x² – 4 = 0
12x³ – 29x² + 8x + 4 = 0

12x² – 5x – 2 = 0
12x² – 8x + 3x – 2 = 0
4x(3x – 2) + 1(3x – 2) = 0
(3x – 2)(4x + 1) = 0
3x = 2, 4x = -1
x = $\frac{2}{3}$ or x = –$\frac{1}{4}$
The roots are 2, $\frac{2}{3}$, –$\frac{1}{4}$.

Answer:

3x = 2, 4x = -1 x = $\frac{2}{3}$ or x = –$\frac{1}{4}$ The roots are 2, $\frac{2}{3}$, –$\frac{1}{4}$.

Q.2Examine for the rational roots of
(i) 2x³ – x² – 1 = 0
v
Solution

Sum of co-efficients = 2 – 1 – 1 = 0
⇒ x = 1 is a factor.

Which is imaginary root
∴ x = 1 is rational root.
(ii) x 8 – 3x + 1 = 0
a n = 1; a 0 = 1
If $\frac{p}{q}$ is a root of the polynomial. (p, q) = 1
By rational root theorem, it has no rational roots.

Answer:

a n = 1; a 0 = 1 If $\frac{p}{q}$ is a root of the polynomial. (p, q) = 1 By rational root theorem, it has no rational roots.

Q.3Solve: 8x $\frac{3}{2n}$ – 8x $\frac{-3}{2n}$ = 63.v
Solution

Put k = $\frac{3}{2n}$ ∴ 8x k – 8x -k = 63
8x k – $\frac{8}{x^k}$ = 63
8x 2k – 8 = 63x k
8x 2k – 63x k – 8 = 0
(x k – 8) (8x k + 1) = 0
x k – 8 = 0
x k = 8
x $\frac{3}{2n}$ = 8
x = 8 $\frac{3}{2n}$ (2³) $\frac{3}{2n}$ = (2²) n = 4 n
∴ x = 4 n is a root of the equation.

Answer:

x $\frac{3}{2n}$ = 8 x = 8 $\frac{3}{2n}$ (2³) $\frac{3}{2n}$ = (2²) n = 4 n ∴ x = 4 n is a root of the equation.

Q.4Solve: 2$\sqrt{\frac{x}{a}}$ + 3$\sqrt{\frac{a}{x}}$ = $\frac{b}{a}$ = $\frac{6a}{b}$v
Solution

put $\sqrt{\frac{x}{a}}$ = y

Answer:

put $\sqrt{\frac{x}{a}}$ = y

Q.5Solve the equations
(i) 6x 4 – 35x³ + 62x² – 35x + 6 = 0
v
Solution

This is Type I even degree reciprocal equation. Hence it can be rewritten as

(1) ⇒ 6(y² – 2) – 35y + 62 = 0
6y² – 12 – 35y + 62 = 0
6y² – 35y + 50 = 0

2x² + 2 – 5x = 0 (or) 3x² + 3 = 10x
2x² – 5x + 2 = 0 (or) 3x² – 10x + 3 = 0
x = 2, $\frac{1}{2}$ (or) x = 3, $\frac{1}{3}$
Roots are 2, $\frac{1}{2}$, 3 and $\frac{1}{3}$
(ii) x 4 + 3x³ – 3x – 1 = 0
(x – 1) and (x + 1) is a factor.

(x – 1)(x + 1)(x² + 3x + 1) = 0
x – 1 = 0 (or) x + 1 = 0 (or) x² + 3x + 1 = 0
x = 1 (or) x = -1 (or) x² + 3x = -1

Answer:

(x – 1)(x + 1)(x² + 3x + 1) = 0 x – 1 = 0 (or) x + 1 = 0 (or) x² + 3x + 1 = 0 x = 1 (or) x = -1 (or) x² + 3x = -1

Q.6Find all real numbers satisfyingv
Solution

4 x – 3 (2 x+2 ) + 2 5 = 0
⇒ (2 2 ) x – 3(2 x. 2 2 ) + 2 5 = 0
(2 2 ) x – 12. 2 x + 32 = 0
Let y = 2 x
y 2 – 12y + 32 = 0
⇒ (y – 4) (y – 8) = 0
y – 4 = 0 or y – 8 = 0
Case (i): 2 x = 4
⇒ 2 x = (2) 2
⇒ x = 2
Case (ii): 2x = 8
⇒ 2 x = (2) 3
⇒ x = 3
∴ The roots are 2, 3

Answer:

⇒ 2 x = (2) 3 ⇒ x = 3 ∴ The roots are 2, 3

Q.7Solve the equation 6x 4 – 5x³ – 38x² – 5x + 6 = 0 if it is known that $\frac{1}{3}$ is a solution.v
Solution

6x 4 – 5x³ – 38x² – 5x + 6 = 0

6(y² – 2) – 5y – 38 = 0
6y² – 12 – 5y – 38 = 0
6y² – 5y – 50 = 0
6y² – 20y + 15y – 50 = 0
2y(3y – 10) + 5(3y – 10) = 0
(3y – 10)(2y + 5) = 0
3y = 10, 2y = -5

3x² + 3 = 10x, 2x² + 2 = -5x
3x² – 10x + 3 = 0, 2x² + 5x + 2 = 0
(x – 3)(3x – 1) = 0, (2x + 1)(x + 1) = 0
x = 3, x = $\frac{1}{3}$ or x = $\frac{-1}{2}$, x= -2
The roots are 3, $\frac{1}{3}$, -2, $\frac{-1}{2}$.

Answer:

(x – 3)(3x – 1) = 0, (2x + 1)(x + 1) = 0 x = 3, x = $\frac{1}{3}$ or x = $\frac{-1}{2}$, x= -2 The roots are 3, $\frac{1}{3}$, -2, $\frac{-1}{2}$.

EXERCISE 3.6EXERCISE 3.65 questions
Q.1Discuss the maximum possible number of positive and negative roots of the polynomial equation 9x 9 – 4x 8 + 4x 7 – 3x 6 + 2x 5 + x³ + 7x² + 7x + 2 = 0.v
Solution

P(x) = 9x 9 – 4x 8 + 4x 7 – 3x 6 + 2x 5 + x 3 + 7x 2 + 7x + 2
The number of sign changes in P(x) is 4.
∴P(x) has at most 4 positive roots.
P(-x) = -9x 9 – 4x 8 – 4x 7 – 3x 6 – 2x 5 – x 3 + 7x 2 – 7x + 2
The number of sign changes in P(-x) is 3.
P(x) has almost 3 negative roots.
Since the difference between the number of sign changes in co-efficient P(-x) and the number of negative roots of the polynomial P(x) is even.
The number of negative roots = at most 2.

Answer:

P(x) has almost 3 negative roots. Since the difference between the number of sign changes in co-efficient P(-x) and the number of negative roots of the polynomial P(x) is even. The number of negative roots = at most 2.

Q.2Discuss the maximum possible number of positive and negative roots of the polynomial equations x² – 5x + 6 and x² – 5x + 16. Also, draw a rough sketch of the graphs.v
Solution

y = x² – 5x + 6
x = 1, y = 1 – 5 + 6 = 2
x = 2, y = 4 – 10 + 6 = 0
x = 0, y = 6
x = 3, y = 9 – 15 + 6 = 0
x = -1, y = 1 + 5 + 6 = 12
x = 4, y = 16 – 20 + 6 = 2

(1, 2), (0, 6), (-1, 12)
P(x) = (x² + 5x + 6) (x² – 5x + 16)
= x 4 – 5x³ + 16x² – 5x³ + 25x² – 80x + 6x² – 30x + 96 = 0
= x 4 – 10x³ + 47x² – 110x + 96 = 0
It has two sign changes
∴ It has two positive real roots
P(-x) = x 4 + 10x³ + 47x² + 110x + 96
It has no sign change, no negative real roots
y = x 2 – 5x + 16

Answer:

P(-x) = x 4 + 10x³ + 47x² + 110x + 96 It has no sign change, no negative real roots y = x 2 – 5x + 16

Q.3Show that the equation x 9 – 5x 5 + 4x 4 + 2x² + 1 = 0 has atleast 6 imaginary solutions.v
Solution

P(x) = x 9 – 5x 5 + 4x 4 + 2x 2 + 1
(i) The number of sign changes in P(x) is 2. The number of positive roots is atmost 2.
(ii) P(-x) = -x 9 + 5x 5 + 4x 4 + 2x 2 + 1. The number of sign changes in P(-x) is 1. The number of negative roots of P (x) is atmost 1. Since the difference of number of sign changes in P(-x) and number of negative zeros is even.
P(x) has one negative root.
(iii) 0 is not the zero of the polynomial P(x). So the number of real roots is almost 3.
∴ The number of imaginary roots at least 6.

Answer:

P(x) has one negative root. (iii) 0 is not the zero of the polynomial P(x). So the number of real roots is almost 3. ∴ The number of imaginary roots at least 6.

Q.4Determine the number of positive and negative roots of the equation x 9 – 5x 8 – 14x 7 = 0.v
Solution

P(x) = x 9 – 5x 8 – 14x 7. It has only one sign change.
∴ It has one positive roots.
P(-x) = -x 9 – 5x 8 + 14x 7. It has only one sign change.
It has one negative root.
∴ It has one positive and one negative roots.

Answer:

P(-x) = -x 9 – 5x 8 + 14x 7. It has only one sign change. It has one negative root. ∴ It has one positive and one negative roots.

Q.5Find the exact number of real roots and imaginary of the equation x 9 + 9x 7 + 7x 5 + 5x³ + 3x.v
Solution

P(x) = x 9 + 9x 7 + 7x 5 + 5x 3 + 3x.
There is no change in the sign of P(x) and P(-x), P(x) has no positive and no negative real roots, but 0 is the root of the polynomial equation P(x).

Answer:

P(x) = x 9 + 9x 7 + 7x 5 + 5x 3 + 3x. There is no change in the sign of P(x) and P(-x), P(x) has no positive and no negative real roots, but 0 is the root of the polynomial equation P(x).

Choose the correctChoose the correct5 questions
Q.1 A zero of x^3 + 64 is (1) 0 (2) 4 (3) 4i (4) -4
Answer: Option 4

x^3 + 64 = 0 ⇒ x^3 = -64 ⇒ real cube root x = -4. Hence correct option: (4) -4.

Q.2 If f and g are polynomials of degrees m and n respectively, and if h(x) = f(g(x)), then the degree of h is (1) mn (2) m + n (3) m^n (4) n^m
Answer: Option 1

deg(f(g(x))) = deg(f)·deg(g) = m·n. So option (1) mn is correct.

Q.3 A polynomial equation in x of degree n always has (1) n distinct roots (2) n real roots (3) exactly n complex roots (4) at most one root.
Answer: Option 3

By the Fundamental Theorem of Algebra a degree n polynomial (over C) has exactly n complex roots counted with multiplicity. So option (3) is correct.

Q.4 If α, β and γ are the zeros of x^3 + p x^2 + q x + r, then Σ(1/α) is (1) − q/r (2) − p/r (3) q/r (4) − q/p
Answer: Option 1

For monic cubic: α+β+γ = -p, αβ+βγ+γα = q, αβγ = -r. Σ(1/α) = (αβ+βγ+γα)/(αβγ) = q/(-r) = −q/r. So option (1) is correct.

Q.5According to the rational root theorem, which number is not possible rational root of 4x 7 + 2x 7 – 10x³ – 5?
(A) -1   (B) $\frac{5}{4}$   (C) $\frac{4}{5}$   (D) 5
v
Solution

(c) $\frac{4}{5}$
Hint:
By rational root of theorem,
$\frac{p}{q}$ is a root of a polynomial a 0 = -5, a n = 4 and (4, -5) = 1, then p must divide 5 and q must divide 4.
Possible values of p are +1, -1, +5, -5
Possible values of q are +1, -1, 4, -4
∴ $\frac{4}{5}$ is not possible rational roots.

Answer:

$\frac{4}{5}$