Samacheer Class 8 Social Science - Human Rights and UNO

Each individual has the right to lead a dignified life. Human Rights are basic rights that belong to every person by virtue of being human. The State Human Rights Commission was formed on 17th April 1997 to protect and promote human rights in India. Article 24 of the Indian Constitution prohibits Child Labour, recognizing that children deserve protection and education rather than exploitation. The United Nations Organisation was established in the year 1945 on 24th October to maintain international peace and security and to promote human rights and social progress worldwide. These provisions and institutions work together to ensure that fundamental human rights are protected and upheld for all individuals.

Human rights and civil rights are not the same; they are distinct concepts. Human rights are universal rights that belong to all people, while civil rights are specific rights granted by a state to its citizens. The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen was proclaimed in France during the French Revolution, not in India, so that statement is False. The Human Rights Act of 1993 does provide for the creation of the National Human Rights Commission in India, making that statement True. The National Human Rights Commission is not empowered to give punishment to victims; rather, it investigates violations and makes recommendations, so that statement is False. The Human Rights Commission was empowered to set up commissions for the promotion of human rights at National and State levels, making that statement True. These distinctions are important for understanding the framework of human rights protection in India.

Human Rights are rights inherent to all human beings regardless of race, sex, nationality, ethnicity, language, and religion.
Human rights include freedom from slavery and torture, freedom of opinion, and education.

UDHR has been translated into more than 500 languages.
In the world it is the most translated document.
It describes all men are bom free and all are equal in status and right.
It promote the spirit of brotherhood.

It provides that the state shall endeavor to provide early childhood care and education for all children until they complete the age of six years.

Article 21A provides that the state shall provide free and compulsory education to all children aged six to fourteen years.

The Hindu Marriage Act 1955 – States that the marriageable age for women is 21.
The Eve Teasing Act 1997 – Gives relief to women.
The Factory Act 1948 – Protects the women workers.

It includes the freedom of expression, and peaceful assembly, the right to take part in the government of one’s country, the right to vote, the freedom of speech and obtain information.

i) Civil Rights
ii) Political Rights
iii) Social Rights
iv) Economic Rights
v) Cultural Rights.

All men are bom free and all are equal in status and rights.
They are endowed with intelligence and conscience and obliged to promote the spirit of common brotherhood amongst all men..

Human Rights Day is celebrated annually on 10th December every year.
It is to honour the United Nations General Assembly for declaring the human rights universally..

Cyrus the Great, the first king of ancient Persia, free the slaves and declared that all people had the right to choose their own religion and established racial equality.
These and other decrees were recorded on a baked clay cylinder in the Akkadian language in cuneiform script
It is translated into all six official languages of the United Nations and its provisions parallel the first four Articles of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

The State Human Rights Commission of Tamil Nadu was formed on 17th April, 1997.
It functions at the state level. It consists of three members including a Chairperson.
A state Human Rights Commission can inquire into violation of human rights related to subjects
covered under State list and Concurrent list. .

Amnesty International, Children’s Defense Fund, Human Rights Watch.

Article 24 – prohibits child labour.
Article 39(f) – provides for children to develop in healthy manner.
Article 45 – provides that the state shall endeavor to provide early childhood care and education for all children until they complete the age of six years.

This Act makes it legal obligation for children and heirs to provide maintenance to senior citizens and parents. Protection and support during old age are envisaged as human rights.

The Factory Act 1948
The Plantation Labour Act 1951
‘ The Mines Act 1952
The Maternity benefit Act 1961

Human rights
Civil Rights
Human rights belong to everyone, everywhere, regardless of nationality, sexuality, gender, race, religion or age.
Civil rights are those rights that one enjoys by virtue of citizenship in a particular nation or state.
Human rights are considered universal to all human beings and universal in all countries.
Civil rights vary greatly from country to the country’s or government to government. It is related to the Constitution.
No nation may rightfully deprive human rights to an individual.
Different nations can grant or deny different civil rights and liberties.
Human rights are basic rights inherent with birth.
Civil rights are creation of the society.

Inherent – They are not granted by any person or authority.
Fundamental – They are fundamental rights because without them, the life and dignity of man will be meaningless.
Inalienable – They cannot be taken away from the individual.
Indivisible – They can’t be denied even when other rights have already been enjoyed .
Universal – They are universal. They apply irrespective of one’s origin or status. They are enforceable.

The government has take some measures to protect the children from all kinds of exploitation and abuses. There are lows in India to Protecting the rights of the children.
i) Right to Education Act – Article 21 A.
ii) Child labour Act – Prohibition and Regulation Act 1986
iii) The Juvenile Justice Act 2000- Care and Protection of Children
iv) POCSO Act 2012 – Protection of Children from Sexual abuses
v) 1098 Childline – 24 hours emergency phone service for children.

Rights:
Article 14 – Equality before law.
Article 17 – Abolition of untouchability.
Article 20 – Freedom of speech, assembly movement, residence and profession.
Article 23 – Prohibition traffic human being and forced labour.
Article 28 – Prohibition of employment of Children in factories etc.
Article 26 – Freedom to manage religious affairs
Article 27 – Freedom from payments of taxes for promotion for any religion.
Article 28 – Freedom from attending religious instruction or worship in certain education institution.
Article 29 – Protection of languages, script and culture of minorities.
Article 31 – It allows individuals to seek redressal for the violation of their fundamental rights.
Responsibilities:
Tolerate all religions.
Do not hurt others.
To protect the environment.
Respect the elders.
Follow the rules of government.

The Habeas Corpus Act 1679
2. UNO was established on 24th October of ………………..
1945
3. ……………….. is a milestone document in the history of Human rights.
UDHR
4. ……………….. the first king of ancient persia, free the slaves.
Cyrus the Great
5. The decrees were recorded on a baked clay cylinder in the ……………….. language in ……………….. Script.
Akkadian, Cuneiform
6. ……………….. is the most translated document in the world.
UDHR
7. ……………….. is known as modem International Magna carta.
UDHR
8. ……………….. provides for children to develop in a healthy manner.
Article 39(f)
9. Child helpline number is ………………..
1098
10. An International bill of rights of women adopted in the year ………………..
1979
11. UNIFEM has worked since ……………….. to implement the Beijing Platform for Action.
1995
12. In ……………….. the ……………….. world conference of Women held in Beijing.
1995, Fourth
13. ……………….. Protects the women workers.
The factory Act
14. ……………….. rights are creations of the Society.
Civii
15. ……………….. and ……………….. rights are human rights.
Women and girl’s

The Magna Carta of 1215 (England) – gave people new rights and made the king subject to the law.
The Petition of Right 1628 (England) – set out the rights of the people.
The Habeas Corpus Act of 1679 (England) – an act for the better securing liberty of the subject.
The English Bill of Rights of 1689 – set out certain basic civil rights.
The French Declaration on the Rights of Man and Citizen 1789 – a document of France, stating that all citizens are equal under the law.
The US Constitution and Bill of Rights 1791 – safeguards the rights of the citizens..

The National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) of India was established on 12th October, 1993. It is an independent statutory, and non-constitutional body.
Its headquarter is located in New Delhi. NHRC is a multi- member body which consists of a Chairperson and other members.
The President appoints the Chairperson and other members.
They are appointed for 5 years or till the age of 70 years whichever is earlier.
NHRC has five divisions. Law Division, Investigation Division, Policy Research & Programmes Division, Training Division and Administrative Division.
< The National Human Rights Commission is responsible for the protection and promotion of human rights in India.

Women and girl’s rights are human rights.
Women are entitled to the full and equal enjoyment of all of their human rights and to be free from all forms of discrimination.
This is fundamental to achieve human rights, peace and security and sustainable development.
The Charter of the United Nations guarantees equal rights to both women and men.
The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), adopted in 1979 by the UN General Assembly, is described as an International bill of rights for women.
In 1995 the Fourth World Conference of Women, held in Beijing, developed a Platform for Action to * recognise women’s rights and improve women’s livelihood worldwide.