Samacheer Class 8 Social Science - Educational Development in India

Teaching was oral and students remembered and meditated upon what was taught in the Gurukulas Guru/Acharya.
Many of these Gurukulas were named after the sages. Situated in forests, in service and peaceful surroundings, hundreds of students used to learn together in Gurukulas.
This was known as the ‘Gurukula System’ of education.

The most notable universities are Taxila and Nalanda.

Taxila was an ancient Indian city, which is now in north-western Pakistan.
It is an important archaeological site and the UNESCO declared it as a world heritage site in 1980.
Its fame rested on the university where Chanakya is said to have composed his Arthashastra.

Rajaraja Chaturvedi Mangalam was the famous seat of a Vedic college Tirubuvanai Vedic college Tiruvidaikkalai Library and Thiruvaduthurai a medical school

Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA)
Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan (RMSA)

RTE (Right To Education) provides for free and compulsory education to all children from the age of 6 to 14 years.

The ancient Naianda University was a centre of learning from the 5th century AD (CE) to 12th century AD (CE). Located in present-day Rajgir, Bihar.
Nalanda was one of the oldest universities of the world and UNESCO declared the runis of Nalanda Mahavihara a world heritage site.

The medieval period saw the founding of many religious mutt or monasteries which also took up the cause of education.
The Ahobila mutt in Srirangam was one among them where is Sri Ramanuja has made distinctive
contribution to the cause of education.
Besides mutts, Jain pallis and Buddhist vihars played a vital role in educating people where ever the existed. They had large libraries of books in all branches of learning.

In 1937,Gandhiji evolved a scheme popularly known as the Wardha Scheme of Basic National Education.
His system of Education wanted to root out exploitation and centralization in society and create a non-violent social order.

A significant development took place in the field of education during the Pallava period.
Ghatika was an educational institution.
The Pallava kings supported those educational institutions through endowments.
The Vaishnava ans Saiva mutts provided boarding and lodging facilities to all students and teachers.
Kanchi was considered as the main centre of learning.

Sir Thomas Munro the Governor of Madras presidency (1820-27) was highly responsible for the introduction of Western education in Madras presidency.
He appointed a committee to conduct a statistical survey of the condition of education.

Education in Ancient India:
The historical Sources provide the information that from very early times, the tradition of teaching and learning had been in vogue in India.
The concept of Education might have originated from the Vedas.
The literal meaning of the Sanskrit word ‘Veda’ is knowledge and the word derived from the word Vid, which means ‘to know’.
Gurukula system in ancient India:
In ancient India, both formal and informal education existed.
There were people in homes, villages, and temples who guided young children in imbibing pious ways of life.
Teaching was oral and students remembered and meditated upon what was taught in the Gurukulas Guru / Acharya.
2. Write a paragraph about education under British rule?
Education in British rule can be divided into four periods:
Before 1813: Charter of Act of 1813 grant a sum of 1 lakh rupees for the promotion of Indian education.
1813 to 1853: Macaulay’s minutes of 1835. Higher education was de-orientalized encouraging English education for the upper classes.
1854 to 1920: The Third phase of British influenced education may be called the period of an All India Educational Policy. It commenced with Sir Charles Wood’s Despatch in 1854.
1921 to 1947: The fourth phase may be called the period of provincial autonomy.
3. Describe the National Policy on Education.
1. The First National Educational Policy of 1968, marked a significant step in the history of education in post-independent India.
2. It aimed to promote national progress, culture, and to strengthen national integration.
3. In 1986, the Government of India introduced a New Education Policy.
4. The aim of New Education Policy (NEP) was to transfer a static society into a vibrant one with a commitment to development and change. It emphasized equal opportunities for marginalized – sections of the country and the removal of disparity through scholarships, adult education, and open universities, especially for rural India.
5. The New Education Policy called for a child-centered approach in primary education.
6. This policy launched the operation of Blackboard to improve primary schools nationwide.
7. The New Education Policy has revised again in 1992.
8. It envisaged the formulation of the National Curriculum Framework, emphasis on in-service education, improvement of facilities, and streamlining of the evaluation system at the secondary stage.
4. Give a detailed account of education under Cholas. Education under Cholas:
The Chola period was the most brilliant and creative period in Tamil literature.
Tamil education enjoyed a greater connection with religion and temple.
Inscription denotes the salary of a teacher, method of teaching, food provided to the students, and land given to the schools.
Rajaraja Chaturvedi Mangalam was the famous seat of a Vedic college.
Tiruvaduthurai inscription of Virarajendra refers to a medical school of this period.