Samacheer Class 8 Social Science - Development of Industries in India

Crafts were an integral part in the life of the people in ancient and medieval India, representing a significant aspect of their culture and economy. The Industrial Revolution took place in England during the late 18th and 19th centuries, fundamentally transforming production methods and economic systems worldwide. The Assam Tea Company was founded in 1839, establishing the tea industry in the Assam region of India, which became one of the world's major tea-producing areas. The Jute industry was started in the Hoogly Valley at Rishra near Calcutta, becoming a major industrial centre for jute production in India. The Suez Canal shortened the distance between Europe and India significantly, reducing shipping time and making trade routes more efficient and economical for British merchants and traders.

Baines
2. ………………. cloth was used to Preserved Mummies in Egyptian.
The Muslin of Dacca
3. ………………. is was identified with muslin cloths.
Dacca
4. ………………. was known for tin Industry
Bengal
5. The drain of India’s wealth to Britain acknowledge by ………………..
Dadabai Naoroji
6. The period of the 1980s can be considered as the period of the ………………. recovery
Industrial
7. The year ………………. where a new era of the economic liberalisation.
1991
8. India ………………. has become one of the largest in the world.
Road network
9. The industrial expansion over the plan period presents a ………………. picture
mixed economic
10. In India a fourth sector industries are ……………….
Information related industries

India was indeed famous for cotton and silk cloths, which were highly sought after in international markets and formed a major part of India's exports during pre-colonial and colonial periods, making this statement True. The railway was introduced in India by the British, who built the railway network primarily to facilitate the extraction and transportation of raw materials and to strengthen their administrative control, making this statement True. Steel was not first manufactured by modern methods at Jamshedpur; rather, the Tata Iron and Steel Company (TISCO) at Jamshedpur was the first to successfully manufacture steel using modern methods in India, making this statement False. The Industrial Policy of 1948 brought a mixed economy in the industrial sector, allowing both public and private sectors to participate in industrial development, making this statement True. The tenth and eleventh five-year plans did not witness a high growth rate of agricultural production; agricultural growth remained relatively modest during these periods, making this statement False.

The traditional handicrafts industries of India are textiles, woodwork, ivory, stone cutting, leather, fragrance wood, metalwork, and jewellery.
The village artisans such as potters, weavers, smiths produced articles and utensils.

Dadabai Naoroji was the first to acknowledge that the poverty of the Indian people was due to the British exploitation of India’s resources and the drain of India’s wealth to Britain.

The invention of cotton gin, flying shuttle, spinning jenny and steam engine in England, which made the production of textiles on large scale.

It is a business association in India. CII is a non-government, not for profit, industry-led, and industry- managed organisation.
It was founded in 1985.

The process of disruption of traditional Indian crafts and a decline in national income has been referred to as de-industrialisation.

The decline of Indian Industries:
Loss of Royal Patronage.
Transition from producer to exporter of raw materials.
Competition of Machine-Made goods.
The trading policy of the British.
De-industrialization.

Plantation industries:
The plantation industry was the first to attract Europeans. This provides jobs on a large scale.
In reality, it could meet the increasing demands for tea, coffee and indigo by the British Society.
The Assam Tea Company was founded in 1839.
The coffee plantations also started simultaneously.
As the tea plantation was the most important industry of Eastern India, the coffee plantation became the center of activities in South India.
The Third important plantation, which gave birth to the factory was jute.
All these Industries were controlled by many former employees of the British East India Company.

Industrial development after the 1991 reforms:
The year 1991 ushered a new era of economic liberalisation.
India took a major decision to improve the performance of the industrial sector.
The tenth and Eleventh Five-Year plans witnessed a high growth rate of industrial production.
The abolition of industrial licensing, dismantling of price controls, dilution of reservation of small- scale industries, and the virtual abolition of monopoly law enabled the Indian industry to flourish.
The new policy welcomes foreign investments.

Handicraft products and machine-made products differ significantly in their production methods, characteristics, and economic implications. Handicraft products are created by skilled artisans using traditional methods and hand labour, such as pottery, handwoven blankets, handmade jewellery, and hand-stitched quilts. Each handicraft item is unique and reflects the individual creativity and skill of the artisan, making them distinctive and often more aesthetically valuable. Machine-made products, on the other hand, are produced using industrial machinery and modern manufacturing processes, resulting in faster production and standardised output where all items are exactly the same. Machine manufacturing is more economical and efficient, allowing for mass production at lower costs. Consequently, machine-made goods are generally cheaper than handmade goods, making them more affordable for the common consumer. However, handicrafts often command higher prices due to their uniqueness, artistic value, and the skilled labour involved in their creation.

Industries in India can be classified based on their raw materials into three main categories. Agro-based industries utilise agricultural products as their primary raw material and include cotton textile industries, jute industries, and sugar industries. These industries are typically located in regions with significant agricultural production, such as Coimbatore, which is a major centre for cotton textile manufacturing. Metal-based industries, also known as mineral-based industries, use both metallic and non-metallic minerals as raw materials for manufacturing. These industries are often located near mineral-rich regions and centres like Chennai, which has significant metal-based industrial activity. Forest-based industries utilise forest resources as their raw material and are crucial for sustainable development. India has rich and diverse forest resources, and the most important forest-based industry is the paper industry, which is also located in regions like Chennai and other areas with access to forest resources.