Brain Grain · braingrain.in
Zoology — Practice Paper · Set 1
Class: 11Samacheer KalviMax Marks: 93
Name: ____________________Reg No: ____________
Part I — Multiple Choice Questions 15 × 1 = 15
Choose the correct answer. (Answer all questions.)
1.The primary function of the thymus gland is a) regulation of body temperature b) regulation of body growth c) immunological functions d) Secretion of thyrotropin[1]
2.Name the vitamin synthesized by bacteria of the large intestine a) D b) K c) C d) E[1]
3.What is the function of the interneuron? a) Impulses from afferent and efferent neurons. b) Impulses transmitted from efferent neurons to afferent neurons. c) Impulses transmitted from central nervous system to receptor organs d) From nerve transmitters to the spinal cord[1]
4.Find out the wrong pair. a) Pinna – Eardrum b) Oval window – Round window c) Cochlea – Malleus d) Perilymph – Endolymph[1]
5.Find out the wrong pair a) Cervical nerve – 8 pairs b) Thoracic nerve – 12 pairs c) Sacrum nerve – 4 pairs d) Coccyx nerve – 1 pair[1]
6.Apart from nephridia, there is specialised cell present in the intestinal walls. a. Chlorogogen b. Chloricgen c. Chlorajan d. Chlorojin[1]
7.Which hormone increases the heartbeat? (a) Acetylcholine (b) Gastrin (d) Epinephrine (d) Oxytocin[1]
8.The olfactory impulses are transmitted to the ……………….. lobe of the brain.(a) Parietal(b) Temporal(c) Occipital(d) Frontal[1]
9.Who has developed binomial nomenclature. a. Carolus Linnaeus b. Augustin c. Aristotle d. Ernst Haeckel[1]
10.The ciliated epithelium lines the a. Skin b. Digestive tract c. Gall bladder d. Trachea[1]
11.‘A’ blood group has ………………….. antigen and …………………. antibody(a) A, anti B(b) AB, no antibodies(c) No antigen, anti A, Anti B(d) B, Anti A[1]
12.Isinglass is used in a) Preparation b) Clearing of wines c) Distillation of wines d) Preservation of wines[1]
13.How much urine can be stored up in the bladder? a) 300-600 ml b) 200-300 ml c) 400-700 ml d) 500-800 ml[1]
14.The subarachnoid space is present in between ………………..(a) Piamater and arachnoid mater(b) Arachnoid mater and duramater(c) Brain and Piamater(d) Spinal cord and duramater[1]
15.The pearl oysters belong to the ‘L’ genus produce Quality pearls. a) Gastropoda b) Pinctada c) Pelecypoda d) Cephalopoda[1]
Part II — Short Answer Questions 14 × 2 = 28
Answer briefly. (Answer all questions.)
16.What is bilateral symmetry?[2]
17.Read the following statement and find the correct sequence. I) The honeycomb is built from the abdominal secretion of a worker bee II) The chamber of the honeycomb are hexagonal in shape III) The young stages of honey bees accommodate the lower and central cells of the hive IV) In Apis dorsata the brood of hive cells are similar in size and shape a) I – false, II – false, III – true, IV – true b) I – true, II – true, III – false, IV – false c) I – true, II – true, III – true, IV – true d) I – false, II – true, III – true, IV – false[2]
18.Name the three main hormones that are involved in the regulation of the renal function?[2]
19.Name the muscle that helps in respiration?[2]
20.What is meant by Hypotonic solution?[2]
21.What are the characteristic features of healthy cattle?[2]
22.What is meant by renal clearnace?[2]
23.Why thymus is considered as a lymphoid organ?[2]
24.How is Reptiles produced lesshypotonic urine?[2]
25.What is meant by a voluntary neural system?[2]
26.Where are pearl oysters cultured?[2]
27.Why are hiccups occured?[2]
28.How is fat and other nutrients of bile helped in digestion?[2]
29.Match and find the correct pair. 1) Cervical vertebra – a) 12 2) Thoracic vertebra – b) 1 3) Pelvic vertebra – c) 7 4) Coccyx – d) 5[2]
Part III — Long Answer Questions 10 × 5 = 50
Answer in detail. (Answer all questions.)
30.Give notes on Defects of the ear.[5]
31.Give notes on filteration in collecing duct.[5]
32.Explain the sliding-filament theory of muscle contraction.[5]
33.What is the function of epiglottis?[5]
34.The pineal gland is an endocrine gland, write its role.[5]
35.What is meant by repolarisation?[5]
36.What is a limbic system?[5]
37.What are the uses of food?[5]
38.Give an account of induced breeding.[5]
39.What is the cause of cretinism? What are the symptoms?[5]
🔑 Show Answer Key — Set 1
- 1. c) immunological functions
- 2. b) K
- 3. a) Impulses from afferent and efferent neurons.
- 4. c) Cochlea – Malleus
- 5. c) Sacrum nerve – 4 pairs
- 6. a. Chlorogogen
- 7. (c) Epinephrine
- 8. (d) Frontal
- 9. a. Carolous Linnaeus
- 10. d. Trachea
- 11. (d) B, Anti A
- 12. b) Clearing of wines
- 13. a) 300-600 ml
- 14. (a) Piamater and arachnoid mater
- 15. b) Pinctada
- 16. Bilateral symmetry is a body plan in which an animal can be divided into two mirror-image halves, a left and a right side, by a single imaginary plane passing longitudinally through its central axis. This type of symmetry is characteristic of animals with a distinct anterior (head) end, a posterior (tail) end, a dorsal (back) surface, and a ventral (belly) surface. The development of bilateral symmetry is strongly associated with cephalization, which is the concentration of sensory organs and nervous tissue (forming a brain) at the anterior end. This arrangement allows for directed movement and efficient sensing of the environment in the direction of movement. Flatworms and annelids are c…
- 17. Statement I is true: The honeycomb is indeed constructed from a waxy secretion produced by special glands in the abdomen of worker bees. Statement II is true: The hexagonal shape of the honeycomb cells is a highly efficient structural design that maximizes storage space while minimizing the amount of wax required. Statement III is true: In a typical hive, the younger bees, or brood, are housed in the lower and central sections of the comb, which are often better insulated and protected. Statement IV is true: In species like Apis dorsata, which build large, single-combed nests, the brood cells are generally uniform in size and shape to accommodate the developing bees.
- 18. Renin Angio Tensin I Angiotensin II
- 19. Diaphragm Intercostal muscle External and internal intercostal muscle.
- 20. A hypotonic solution is one in which the solute concentration is lower than that of another solution separated by a semi-permeable membrane, causing water to move from the hypotonic solution into the more concentrated solution. In a hypotonic environment, cells experience a net loss of water through osmosis, which can lead to cell shrinkage or crenation. The solution with lower solute concentration has a higher water potential, so water molecules move out of the hypotonic solution toward the area of lower water potential across the semi-permeable membrane.
- 21. A healthy animal eats drinks and sleeps well regularly. Healthy cattle appear bright. Alert and active in their movement with a shiny coat.
- 22. Renal clearance is the volume of blood plasma from which a particular solute is completely removed or cleared by the kidneys per unit time, usually expressed in milliliters per minute. It represents the amount of plasma that is filtered and the solute is excreted in the urine during a given period. Renal clearance is calculated using the formula: Renal clearance = (Urine concentration of substance × Urine volume per minute) / Plasma concentration of substance. This measurement helps assess kidney function and the rate at which kidneys eliminate specific substances from the blood.
- 23. The thymus is considered a lymphoid organ because it serves as a primary site for the development and maturation of lymphocytes, particularly T lymphocytes. Lymphocytes that originate from the bone marrow migrate to the thymus where they undergo education and differentiation to become immunocompetent T lymphocytes capable of recognizing and responding to foreign antigens. The thymus produces thymosin and other hormones that facilitate this maturation process. These educated T lymphocytes then leave the thymus and provide cell-mediated immunity throughout the body by directly attacking infected or abnormal cells. Therefore, the thymus is classified as a lymphoid organ due to its essential…
- 24. Reptiles produce very little hypotonic urine because they have a reduced glomerulus or lack a glomerulus entirely, and they also lack Henle's loop in their nephrons. The absence of these filtration and concentration mechanisms means that reptiles cannot produce large volumes of dilute urine. Instead, they conserve water by producing minimal urine and excreting nitrogenous wastes primarily as uric acid crystals.
- 25. The voluntary neural system is the part of the peripheral nervous system that is associated with the voluntary control of body movements through the contraction of skeletal muscles. It consists of somatic nerves that carry motor signals from the central nervous system to skeletal muscles, allowing conscious and deliberate movements. This system enables an organism to respond to external stimuli in a controlled manner and perform intentional actions.
- 26. Pearl oysters are cultured in specific coastal regions of India, primarily in the Bay of Kutch and Kanyakumari. The Bay of Kutch, located on the northwestern coast of India in Gujarat, is one of the most important pearl culturing regions. Kanyakumari, situated at the southern tip of India where the Arabian Sea, Indian Ocean, and Bay of Bengal meet, is another significant pearl oyster culturing area. These regions provide suitable environmental conditions including appropriate salinity, temperature, and water quality necessary for successful pearl oyster farming.
- 27. Hiccups occur due to involuntary and repetitive spasms of the diaphragm, the primary muscle responsible for breathing. These spasms can be triggered by eating too fast, consuming food that is too hot or too cold, sudden temperature changes, or swallowing air. When the diaphragm contracts involuntarily, it causes a sudden intake of breath that is abruptly stopped by the closure of the vocal cords, producing the characteristic hiccup sound. Although hiccups are usually harmless and temporary, they can be annoying and persistent in some cases.
- 28. Bile plays a crucial role in the digestion and absorption of fats and other lipid-based nutrients. Bile helps in emulsifying fat, which is the process of breaking down large fat droplets into smaller ones, thereby increasing the surface area available for enzymatic action. The bile salts present in bile decrease the surface tension of fat molecules, preventing them from coalescing back into large droplets. This emulsification process converts fat into smaller structures called chylomicrons, which are lipid-protein complexes that can be more easily acted upon by pancreatic lipase and other digestive enzymes. By converting large fat globules into smaller, dispersed particles, bile salts fac…
- 29. a) I- c, II – a, III – d, IV – b
- 30. Deafness may be temporary or permanent Conductive deafness Possible causes The blockage of the ear canal with ear wax. Rupture of the ear drum. Middle ear infection with fluid accumulation, Restriction of ossicular movement. Sensory-neural deafness The defect may be in the organ of cortii or the auditory nerve or in the ascending auditory pathways or auditory cortex.
- 31. Fine adjustment of urine composition continues into the collecting duct system. About 5 percent of all the water and sodium being reabsorbed into the blood is recovered here.
- 32. Sliding filament theory is an active process. It is proposed by Andrw F. Huxley in 1954 and Rolf Niedergerke. * Muscle contraction is initiated by a nerve impulse sents by the central nervous system through a motor neuron * When the nerve impulse reaches neuromuscular junction acetylcholine is released and created action potential. * This action potential triggers the release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum * The released calcium ions bind to troponin on thin filaments. * The active sites are exposed to the heads of myosin to form a cross bridge. Hence actin and myosin form a protein complex called actomyosin. * Utilizing the energy released from the hydrolysis of ATP the myosi…
- 33. The epiglottis is a thin elastic flap of cartilage located at the junction between the nasopharynx and larynx. Its primary function is to prevent food and liquids from entering the larynx and trachea during swallowing, thereby avoiding choking. When a person swallows, the epiglottis folds downward to cover the entrance to the larynx, directing food and water into the esophagus instead. This protective mechanism is essential for maintaining a patent airway and preventing aspiration of food particles into the respiratory tract. The epiglottis also plays a role in voice production by helping to modulate airflow through the larynx during phonation.
- 34. The pineal gland, also known as the epiphysis cerebri or conarium, is a small endocrine gland located deep within the brain, positioned behind the third ventricle. It is composed of two main types of cells: parenchymal cells (pinealocytes) which are the functional secretory cells, and interstitial cells which provide structural support. The pineal gland secretes the hormone melatonin, which is synthesized from the amino acid tryptophan. Melatonin plays a central role in the regulation of the circadian rhythm, which is the body's internal biological clock that follows a 24-hour cycle. It maintains a normal sleep-wake cycle by increasing in concentration during darkness to promote sleep and…
- 35. When the axolemma reaches the spike potential the sodium voltage – gate closes and potassium – voltage gate opens. It checks influx of Na + ions and initiation the efflux of K ions which lowers the number of positive ions within the cell. Thus the potential falls back towards the resting potential. The reversal of membrane potential inside the axolemma to negative occurs clue to efflux of K + ions. This is called repolarisation.
- 36. It is a collection of special structures located in the middle of the brain. It is also known as paleo mammalian brain. It controls emotions, behavior, motivation of long term memory and olfaction.
- 37. Food serves multiple essential functions in the human body. The primary use of food is to provide energy in the form of calories that fuel all metabolic activities and physical work. Beyond energy provision, food supplies organic substances including proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins, and minerals that are necessary for growth and development, particularly during childhood and adolescence. Food also provides the raw materials required for the replacement of worn-out and damaged tissues throughout life, enabling tissue repair and maintenance. Additionally, food regulates and coordinates the various physiological activities that take place in the body through the action of vitamins,…
- 38. To improve the quality of fish seed by the artificial method of fertilization is developed. The gonadotrophin (FSH+ LH) secreted by the pituitary gland influences the maturation of gonads and spawning in fishes. The pituitary gland is removed from a healthy mature fish. The pituitary extract is prepared by homogenizing in 0.3% saline and centrifuged for 15 minutes at 8000rpm. The supernatant is injected at the base of the caudal fin. Male and Female fishes start to releasing gametes and are fertilized.
- 39. Hypothyroidism is the cause of cretinism in infants. There is a retarded skeletal growth absence of sexual maturity, retarded mental ability, thick wrinkled skin protruded enlarged tongue bloated face thick and short limbs. There is low BMR, slow pulse rate subnormal body temperature and elevated blood cholesterol levels.
Brain Grain · braingrain.in
Zoology — Practice Paper · Set 2
Class: 11Samacheer KalviMax Marks: 93
Name: ____________________Reg No: ____________
Part I — Multiple Choice Questions 15 × 1 = 15
Choose the correct answer. (Answer all questions.)
1.The vessel which runs parallel to the loop of Henle is called by this name. a) Efferent artery b) Afferent artery c) Vasarecta d) Vasanervosa[1]
2.Method of dispersal in Amoeba is ……….. (DPMT 1995)(a) locomotion(b) encystment(c) sporulation(d) binary fission[1]
3.Which is responsible for the circulation of blood in cockroaches?(a) spiracular muscles(b) alary muscles(c) haemocytes(d) ostia[1]
4.Name the first vertebra? a) Atlas b) Maleus c) Incus d) Stapes[1]
5.Whether the following statement is correct or wrong. Justify. a. In earthworm the digestive tract runs from the mouth to anus. b. In earthworm the mouth is seen in the first segment. c. In the second segment lies the buccal cavity. d. In the 3 – 4th segment lies the pharynx. a. True, False, False, True b. True, True, True, True c. False, False, False, True d. True, False, True, False[1]
6.The half-life period of insulin is a) 6 minutes b) 8 minutes c) 15 minutes d) 7 minutes[1]
7.The cauda equina presents in a) Cerebrum b) Thalamus c) Hippo cambus d) Spinal cord[1]
8.Name arthritis due to aging. a) Osteoarthritis b) Rheumatoid arthritis c) Gout d) Osteoporosis[1]
9.Find out the wrong pair a) Erythropoietin Increases the red blood cell synthesis b) Nitrogen narcosis decompression sickness c) Carbonic anhydrase Synthesis of carbonic acid d) Normal ferrous Methaemoglobin[1]
10.Find out the correct pair. a. Planula – Planeria b. Regeneration – Annelida c. Trochopore larva – Cnidaria d. Veliger larva – Mollusca[1]
11.What is hematocrit/packed cells volume?(a) The ratio of WBCs to blood plasma(b) The ratio of RBCs to blood plasma(c) The ratio of platelets to blood plasma(d) The ratio of plasma and blood cells[1]
12.Which of the following is a crustacean? a. Prawn b. Snail c. Sea anemone d. Hydra[1]
13.The smallest taxon among the following is ………. (PMT-94)(a) class(b) order(c) species(d) genus[1]
14.Induced breeding technique is used in a) Marine fishery b) Capture fishery c) Culture fishery d) Inland fishery[1]
15.Which of the following disease is not caused by iodine or thyroxine deficiency? a) Sporodic goitre b) Exophthalmic goitre c) Simple goitre d) Myxodema[1]
Part II — Short Answer Questions 14 × 2 = 28
Answer briefly. (Answer all questions.)
16.What is the importance of aquaponics?[2]
17.What is the functions of aquaporins?[2]
18.What is brain stem. a) The structure seen in between spinal cord and cerebellum. b) The region between Diencephalon and spinal cord c) The region between medulla oblongata and cerebrum. d) The region between medulla oblongata and mid-brain.[2]
19.Give notes on ‘Mosaic vision’?[2]
20.What is meant by nephrolithiasis?[2]
21.What are olfactory organs? Where are they situated?[2]
22.Read the following statement and find whether they are correct or wrong. 1) The thin squamous epithelial cells of the alveoli are composed of Type-I and the gases can diffuse rapidly through them 2) Type-II cells are thin. The gaseous exchange takes place through diffusion. 3) The spirometer is used to find the volume of air 4) A healthy man respires 10-15 times per minute a) 1 – True; 2 – False; 3 – True; 4 – False b) 1 – True; 2 – True; 3 – False; 4 – True c) 1 – False; 2 – True; 3 – False; 4 – True d) 1 – True; 2 – False; 3 – True; 4 – False[2]
23.We are not consuming urea. But in our body area is produced. Why?[2]
24.What is an autopsy?[2]
25.When will the stroke volume double?[2]
26.What is Rheumatoid arthritis?[2]
27.Find out the wrong statement. a) The equilibrium receptor regions called maculae are involved in detecting the linear movement of the head. b) The otoliths are made up of calcium c) The crista ampullaris is to detect rotational movement of the head d) Severe hearing loss occurs with frequent exposure to sound with intensities greater than50db. (The 90db will affect the hearing).[2]
28.What is Micturition?[2]
29.What are the types of muscles?[2]
Part III — Long Answer Questions 10 × 5 = 50
Answer in detail. (Answer all questions.)
30.Tabulate the differences between sympathetic and parasympathetic neural system.[5]
31.Classify the muscles and their location?[5]
32.What is Gigantism?[5]
33.If you happen to see a man/lady with short stature how will you identify him? Differentiate and give a reason for that disorder.[5]
34.Give notes on cerebro spinal fluid?[5]
35.Explain the protein deficiency diseases.[5]
36.Specify the symptoms of acromegaly.[5]
37.Kumar’s mother works in a stone grinding factory. Suddenly she faints and taken to the hospital. The doctor notices fibers in the lungs. What kind of disease is she affected with? How can it be rectified?[5]
38.Sam’s optometrist tells him that his intraocular pressure is high. What is this condition called and which fluid does it involve?[5]
39.Growth hormone is important for normal growth. Justify the statement.[5]
🔑 Show Answer Key — Set 2
- 1. c) Vasarecta
- 2. (b) encystment (2 marks) II. Very Short Questions
- 3. (b) alary muscles
- 4. a) Atlas
- 5. b. True, True, True, True
- 6. a) 6 minutes
- 7. d) Spinal cord
- 8. a) Osteoarthritis
- 9. d) Normal ferrous – Methaemoglobin
- 10. d. Veliger larva – Mollusca
- 11. (b) The ratio of RBCs to blood plasma
- 12. a. Prawn
- 13. (c) species
- 14. d) Inland fishery
- 15. a) Sporodic goitre
- 16. Aquaponics is important because it maintains ecosystem balance by recycling waste and excretory products produced by fish in the system. The fish waste, which is rich in nitrogen compounds, serves as a natural fertilizer for the plants grown in the system. The plants, in turn, absorb these nutrients and help purify the water, which is then recirculated back to the fish tanks. This creates a sustainable, closed-loop system that minimizes water waste, reduces the need for external fertilizers, and maintains water quality, making aquaponics an environmentally friendly and efficient method of food production.
- 17. Aquaporins are water channel proteins that function to allow water molecules to move across the epithelial cells of the kidney tubules in relation to the osmotic difference between the filtrate and the interstitial fluid. These specialized proteins facilitate rapid water transport without requiring water to dissolve in the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane. Aquaporins are particularly abundant in the collecting duct and play a crucial role in the concentration of urine.
- 18. The correct answer is b) The region between Diencephalon and spinal cord. The brain stem is the region located between the diencephalon (which includes the thalamus and hypothalamus) and the spinal cord. It comprises three main parts: the midbrain, the pons, and the medulla oblongata. The brain stem serves critical functions including the regulation of vital life processes such as respiration, heart rate, blood pressure, and consciousness. It also acts as a conduit for nerve fibers passing between the brain and spinal cord, making it essential for connecting higher brain functions with the rest of the nervous system.
- 19. The cockroach perceives the vision through each ommatidium. This vision is mosaic vision. Though there is sensitivity but the vision is not a clear one.
- 20. Nephrolithiasis is a medical condition characterized by the formation of hard, stone-like masses composed of mineral salts and other substances in the renal tubules or renal pelvis of the kidney. These kidney stones form when certain substances such as calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate, or uric acid become concentrated and crystallize within the urinary system. Nephrolithiasis can cause severe pain, urinary obstruction, and damage to kidney tissue if left untreated, and the stones may need to be removed surgically or through other medical interventions.
- 21. The yellow coloured patches of olfactory epithelium form the olfactory organs. They are located on the roof of the nasal cavity.
- 22. The correct answer is a) 1 – True; 2 – False; 3 – True; 4 – False. Statement 1 is true because the alveoli are lined with thin squamous epithelial cells of Type-I, which facilitate rapid diffusion of gases due to their minimal thickness. Statement 2 is false because Type-II cells are actually thick and cuboidal, not thin; they secrete surfactant rather than being the primary site of gaseous exchange. Statement 3 is true as a spirometer is the instrument used to measure the volume of air moved in and out of the lungs. Statement 4 is false because a healthy adult typically breathes 12 to 20 times per minute at rest, not 10 to 15 times per minute.
- 23. Although urea is not consumed in the diet, it is continuously produced in the body as a result of protein metabolism. When amino acids are broken down through deamination, the amino groups are removed and converted into ammonia, which is toxic to cells. The liver detoxifies this ammonia through the ornithine cycle, also known as the urea cycle, where ammonia is converted into urea. This urea is then transported through the bloodstream to the kidneys, where it is filtered out and excreted in the urine. Therefore, urea production is an essential metabolic process that allows the body to safely eliminate nitrogenous waste products generated from the continuous breakdown and turnover of prote…
- 24. An autopsy, also known as a post-mortem examination, is a systematic dissection and examination of a dead body. The main objectives of an autopsy are to ascertain the precise cause of death, determine the extent of any diseases present, and evaluate the effects of medical or surgical treatment. Autopsies are performed by pathologists and can be crucial for medical research, public health surveillance, and legal investigations, providing valuable insights into human diseases and their progression.
- 25. During vigorous exercise, SV may double as a result of venous return. The amount of blood pumps out of the ventricle is also increased.
- 26. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disorder characterized by the immune system mistakenly attacking the body's own tissues. Specifically, in RA, immune cells target and inflame the synovium, which is the membrane lining the joints. This inflammation leads to pain, swelling, stiffness, and eventually erosion of bone and cartilage, causing joint deformity and loss of function. While primarily affecting the joints, RA can also impact other organs, including the skin, eyes, lungs, heart, and blood vessels, making it a systemic disease that requires ongoing management.
- 27. The incorrect statement is d) Severe hearing loss occurs with frequent exposure to sound with intensities greater than 50db. While prolonged exposure to loud noises can cause hearing loss, the threshold for significant damage is generally considered to be around 85-90 decibels (dB) or higher, not 50 dB. Exposure to sound intensities above 85-90 dB for extended periods can lead to irreversible damage to the hair cells in the cochlea. Statement a) is correct as maculae are involved in detecting linear acceleration and the pull of gravity. Statement b) is correct; otoliths are indeed calcium carbonate structures. Statement c) is correct as the crista ampullaris within the semicircular canals…
- 28. Micturition, also called urination, is the process of voluntary release and expulsion of urine from the urinary bladder through the urethra to the outside of the body. This process is controlled by both involuntary reflex mechanisms and voluntary neural control. When the bladder fills to a certain capacity, stretch receptors send signals to the micturition center in the spinal cord, triggering the micturition reflex which causes contraction of the detrusor muscle of the bladder wall and relaxation of the internal urethral sphincter, allowing urine to be expelled.
- 29. Skeletal muscle Visceral muscles Cardiac muscles
- 30. Sympathetic Neural System (SNS) Parasympathetic Neural System (PNS) SNS originates in the thoracic and lumbar region of the spinal cord. PNS originates in the cranial region of the brain and the sacral region of the spinal cord. Sympathetic ganglia are linked up to form a chain. Its ganglia remain isolated Preganglionic fibres are short and the postganglionic fibres are long. Preganglionic fibres are long and the postganglionic fibres are short. Noradrenaline is produced at the terminal ends of the postganglionic fibres at the effector organs. Hence the system is adrenergic. Acetylcholine is produced at the terminal ends of the postganglionic fibres at the effector organs. Hence the syste…
- 31. Muscles are classified into three distinct types based on their structure, function, and location in the body. Skeletal muscles are composed of muscle fibers that are bundled together in a parallel fashion, appearing striated under the microscope due to the regular arrangement of thick and thin filaments. These muscles are closely attached to skeletal bones via tendons and are responsible for voluntary movements of the body, such as walking, running, and lifting objects. Smooth muscles have fibers that are tapered at both ends and do not show striations, giving them a smooth appearance under the microscope. These muscles are found in the walls of blood vessels, stomach, and intestines, wh…
- 32. Due to the hyper-secretion of growth hormone in children there is a over growth of skeletal structure may occur up to 8 feet height. The visceral growth is not appropriate with that of limbs.
- 33. The person may be suffering from either cretinism or Dwarfism. The following symptoms may be observed in cretinism. It is due to the hypo-secretion of Thyroxine. * A cretin shows retarded skeletal growth. * Absence of sexual maturity. * Retarded mental ability. * Thick wrinkled skin. * Protruded enlarged tongue. * Bloated face. * Thick and short limb occur * Low BMR * Slow pulse rate. * Subnormal body temperature * Elevated blood cholesterol levels. If the person shows the following symptom, he may have Dwarfism, it is due to hyposecretion of growth hormone. * Skeletal growth and sexual maturity is arrested. * They attain a maximum height of 4 feet only.
- 34. 150ml of cerebro spinal fluid is secreted in an adult. 500ml of cerebro spinal fluid is secreted in a day. Every 8 hours this fluid is rejuvenated. The choroid plexus carries harmful metabolic wastes from the brain to the blood.
- 35. Growing children require adequate amounts of protein for proper growth, development, and maintenance of body tissues. A protein-deficient diet during early childhood can lead to serious conditions of protein-energy malnutrition, such as marasmus and kwashiorkor. Both conditions present with characteristic symptoms including dry and scaly skin, a distended abdomen or pot-belly appearance, oedema in the legs and face, stunted growth and reduced height, changes in hair colour often becoming reddish or blonde, general weakness, and irritability. Marasmus is an acute form of protein-energy malnutrition resulting from a diet inadequate in both carbohydrates and proteins. Children suffering from…
- 36. Acromegaly is a pathological condition caused by excessive secretion of growth hormone (somatotropin) in adults, after the epiphyseal plates of long bones have already closed. Since linear growth is no longer possible, the excess growth hormone causes abnormal enlargement of bones and soft tissues in the extremities and face. The characteristic symptoms of acromegaly include pronounced overgrowth of the bones of the hands and feet, leading to enlarged and coarse features, enlargement of the jawbones (mandible and maxilla) resulting in a protruding jaw and malocclusion of teeth, and thickening of the tongue. Additionally, there is malfunctioning of the gonads, which may lead to reduced fer…
- 37. Kumar's mother is affected with silicosis, a chronic occupational lung disease caused by prolonged inhalation of crystalline silica dust particles in the stone grinding factory. When silica particles are inhaled, they deposit in the lungs and trigger an inflammatory response. Over time, this chronic inflammation leads to pulmonary fibrosis, a condition in which lung tissue becomes scarred and thickened, reducing the lungs' ability to expand and contract properly. This results in progressive breathing difficulty and reduced oxygen exchange. Treatment involves hospitalization and administration of medications to manage symptoms and slow disease progression. Anti-inflammatory medications may…
- 38. The increase in intraocular pressure leads to the disease called Glaucoma. Any block in the canal of Schlemm increases the intraocular pressure of aqueous humor and leads to ‘Glaucoma’ where the optic nerve and the retina are compressed due to pressure.
- 39. Growth hormone promotes growth of all the tissues and metabolic process of the cell. The growth hormone stimulates the growth in the following ways * It influences the metabolism of carbohydrate proteins and lipids. * It increases the rate of protein biosynthesis. * It stimulates cartilage formation of chondrogenesis. * It stimulates bone formation osteogenesis. * It helps in the retention of minerals like nitrogen, potassium, phosphorous sodium in the body. * It increases the release of fatty acid from adipose tissue. * It decreases the rate of glucose utilization for energy by the cell, by which it conserves glucose for glucose-dependent tissues such as the brain.
Brain Grain · braingrain.in
Zoology — Practice Paper · Set 3
Class: 11Samacheer KalviMax Marks: 93
Name: ____________________Reg No: ____________
Part I — Multiple Choice Questions 15 × 1 = 15
Choose the correct answer. (Answer all questions.)
1.……………………….. ulturing pearl in freshwater. a) Lamellidens b) Mytilus c) Loligo d) Dentalium[1]
2.Find out the wrong pair of cockroaches. a. Spiracles – Stigmata b. Ostia – Colourless coelomic fluid c. Ostia – Digestive system cockroach d. Supra oesophageal ganglion – Brain[1]
3.Confirm Statement A: The important function of sweat gland is to cool the body. Statement B: The sweat glands excrete sodi¬um chloride urea and lactic acid. a) Statement A-True B-True b) Statement A-True B-False c) Statement A-FalseB-True d) Statement A – False B – False[1]
4.The hepatic lobules are covered by …………………….. a thin connective tissue sheath. a) Glisson’s capsule b) Cardiac membrane c) Renal membrane d) Cystic membrane[1]
5.Vital capacity is a) TV + IRV b) TV + ERV c) RV + ERV d) TV + IRV + ERV[1]
6.In the case of thyrotecdomic patients, what is advisable to give along with the thyroxine? a) Insulin b) Thyroglobulin c) Parathormone d) Adrenalin[1]
7.The anal column may get enlarged and causes a) Haemoralds b) Haemorhoids c) Elaemorods d) Elaemorals[1]
8.Which of the following is not present in the same rank? a. Primata b. Orthoptera c. Diptera d. Insecta[1]
9.Which of the following combinations are not matched? a. Vitamin D – Rickets b. Thiamine – Beriberi c. Vitamin K – Sterlity d. Miacin – Pellagea.[1]
10.The cells that secrete parathyroid hormone is known as a) chief cells b) oxyphil cells c) goblet d) both b and c cells[1]
11.Which of the following is correctly matched? a. Physalia – Portuguese man of war b. Pennatula – Sea fan c. Adamsia – Sea pen d. Gorgonia-Sea anemone[1]
12.The primary target of the hormones of the hypothalamus is a) pineal gland b) thymus c) testis d) pituitary[1]
13.Which of the following is not a milch breed? a) Sindhi b) Malvi c) Jersey d) Gir[1]
14.In which segments the spermatheca are situated a. 6-7 segments, 7-8 segments 8-9 segments b. 6-7 segments, 8-9 segments 9-10 segments c. 8-9 segments, 9-10 segments 10-11 segments d. 7-8 segments, 8-9 segments 9-10 segments[1]
15.Match and find the correct sequence. I. Neuro junction a. Neuron which receives a stimulus II. Presynaptic neurons b. Synaptic vesicles III. Synaptic cleft c. Synapses IV. Neurotransmitter d. Pre and post neuron junction a) I-d II-a II-c IV-d b) I-a II-c III-d IV-b c) I-a II-b III-c IV-d d) I-c II-a III-d IV-b[1]
Part II — Short Answer Questions 14 × 2 = 28
Answer briefly. (Answer all questions.)
16.What is meant by Ising glass?[2]
17.Define uricotelic organism.[2]
18.Observe the animal below and answer the following questions a. Identify the animal b. What type of symmetry does this animal exhibit? c. Is this animal Cephalized? d. How many germ layers does this animal have? e. How many openings does this animal’s digestive system have? f. Does this animal have neurons?[2]
19.What is meant by incomplete double circulation?[2]
20.Name the structures that regulate the functioning of kidney?[2]
21.Which is the suitable period for mulberry cultivation?[2]
22.Where are connective tissues originated from?[2]
23.What is the meaning of the word hormone?[2]
24.The location and numbers of malpighian tubules in Periplaneta. a. At the junction of midgut and hindgut, about 150. b. At the junction of foregut and midgut, about 150. c. Surrounding gizzard, eight. d. At the junction of colon and rectum, eight.[2]
25.Define order?[2]
26.What is a metaphysis?[2]
27.What are Krause end bulbs?[2]
28.Regarding renal tubules find the correct sequences. a) Glomerulus Bowman’s capsule Malpighian capsule uriniferous tubules. b) Proximal convoluted tubules thick descending loop thin ascending limb distal convoluted tubule. c) Proximal convoluted tubule, Henle’s loop. Distal convoluted tubule. d) Proximal convoluted tubule, thin descending limb thick ascending limb distal convoluted tubule.[2]
29.The growth hormone releasing hormone stimulates the a) Thymus to release the hormone b) Pituitary for synthesis and release of growth hormone c) Testis to release gonadotropin d) Adrenal to release growth hormone[2]
Part III — Long Answer Questions 10 × 5 = 50
Answer in detail. (Answer all questions.)
30.Name the different process that maintains water level? When there is a severe loss of water in the body?[5]
31.Describe the locomotion of earthworm?[5]
32.Which hormone is called hypercalcemic hormone? Explain its role.[5]
33.Why there is a increase in the body fluid when we drink large volume of water with out eating anything salty?[5]
34.Describe the process of digestion in the mouth.[5]
35.List out the role of thyroxine or tetra iodo thyronine (T4) in our body.[5]
36.a) What is micturition? b) How is central nervous system regulates urination?[5]
37.Give notes on platelets?[5]
38.Explain the bones that form the skull?[5]
39.What is the caloric value of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats?[5]
🔑 Show Answer Key — Set 3
- 1. a) Lamellidens
- 2. c. Ostia – Digestive system cockroach
- 3. a) Statement A-True B-True
- 4. a) Glisson’s capsule
- 5. d) TV + IRV + ERV
- 6. c) Parathormone
- 7. b) Haemorhoids
- 8. a. Primata
- 9. c. Vitamin K – Sterility
- 10. a) chief cells
- 11. a. Physalia – Portuguese man of war
- 12. d) pituitary
- 13. b) Malvi
- 14. a. 6-7 segments, 7-8 segments 8-9 segments
- 15. d) I-c II-a III-d IV-b
- 16. Ising glass is high-grade collagen produced from dried air bladder. It is used for clarification of wine beer and vinegar.
- 17. A uricotelic organism is one that eliminates nitrogenous wastes primarily in the form of uric acid. The cockroach is an example of a uricotelic organism, as it excretes uric acid as its main nitrogenous waste product. This adaptation is particularly advantageous for terrestrial organisms as uric acid requires minimal water for excretion and can be stored in the body without causing toxicity, making it an efficient waste management strategy for land-dwelling animals.
- 18. a) Sea anemone b) Radial symmetry c) No, it is not a cephalized animal d) Diploblastic animal (two germ layers: ectoderm and endoderm) e) One opening (the mouth serves as both entrance and exit for the digestive system) f) Yes, sea anemones possess neurons organized in a simple nerve net that allows them to respond to stimuli such as touch and chemical signals, enabling coordinated movement and feeding behavior.
- 19. Incomplete double circulation refers to a circulatory pattern found in reptiles where the heart has an incompletely divided ventricle. In reptiles, the right and left atria are completely separated, but the ventricle is not fully partitioned, allowing oxygenated blood from the lungs and deoxygenated blood from the body to mix within the ventricle. This mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood results in blood of intermediate oxygen content being pumped to both the lungs and the body. This is called incomplete double circulation because there are two separate circuits (pulmonary and systemic), but the blood is not completely separated as it would be in mammals and birds with completely…
- 20. Hypothalamus Juxta glomerular apparatus Heart
- 21. The suitable periods for mulberry cultivation are June, July, November, and December. These months provide optimal environmental conditions including appropriate temperature, humidity, and rainfall patterns necessary for healthy mulberry plant growth and development. Mulberry leaves harvested during these periods are of good quality and nutritional value for feeding silkworms, ensuring proper larval development and cocoon production.
- 22. Connective tissues are primarily originated from the mesoderm, which is one of the three primary germ layers in the early embryo. The mesoderm gives rise to various connective tissues that provide support, connect other tissues, and protect organs throughout the body. Examples of connective tissues include bones, which provide structural support and protection; blood, a fluid connective tissue involved in transport; and cartilage, which offers flexible support in various parts of the body. These tissues are characterized by having a sparse cellular component embedded in an abundant extracellular matrix.
- 23. The word hormone is derived from the Greek term meaning to excite or to set in motion. Hormones are chemical messengers produced by endocrine glands that are released into the bloodstream and transported to target cells or organs where they exert specific physiological effects. Although the original meaning emphasizes excitation, hormones can have varied effects on different target tissues, including stimulation, inhibition, or regulation of metabolic processes. They play crucial roles in maintaining homeostasis, growth, reproduction, and various other vital functions in the body.
- 24. a. At the junction of midgut and hindgut, about 150. Malpighian tubules are the excretory and osmoregulatory organs in insects like Periplaneta americana, the common cockroach. They are numerous, typically numbering around 100 to 150, and are found as fine, yellow, filamentous structures attached to the alimentary canal precisely at the junction where the midgut transitions into the hindgut. These tubules absorb solutes, water, and wastes from the hemolymph and empty them into the alimentary canal for excretion.
- 25. In the hierarchical system of biological classification, an order is a taxonomic rank that represents an assemblage of one or more related families. Organisms grouped within the same order share a few fundamental common features, which are typically broader and less specific than the characteristics defining a family. It is a more inclusive category than a family but less inclusive than a class. For example, the family Canidae, which includes dogs, wolves, and foxes, and the family Felidae, which comprises cats, lions, and tigers, are both placed together in the order Carnivora. This grouping is based on their shared carnivorous diet and associated anatomical adaptations, despite distinct…
- 26. The bone region where the diaphysis and epiphyses meet is called the metaphysis. This is a transitional zone located between the shaft of the bone and its ends. The metaphysis contains the growth plate or epiphyseal plate in young bones, which is responsible for longitudinal bone growth. In this region, cartilage cells undergo ossification to form new bone tissue, allowing the bone to increase in length during development. After skeletal maturity, the growth plate ossifies and becomes the metaphyseal line.
- 27. Krause end bulbs are specialized sensory receptors found in the skin that function as thermoreceptors. These receptors are particularly sensitive to cold temperatures and are located in the dermis and subcutaneous tissues of the skin. When exposed to cold stimuli, Krause end bulbs generate nerve impulses that are transmitted to the central nervous system, allowing the body to detect and respond to changes in environmental temperature and maintain thermoregulation.
- 28. d) Proximal convoluted tubule, thin descending limb, thick ascending limb, distal convoluted tubule. This is the correct sequence of structures within the renal tubule. The proximal convoluted tubule is the first segment where selective reabsorption occurs. The thin descending limb of Henle's loop is permeable to water, allowing water reabsorption. The thick ascending limb is impermeable to water but actively transports ions, creating the osmotic gradient necessary for urine concentration. The distal convoluted tubule follows and is involved in further selective reabsorption and secretion under hormonal control.
- 29. The correct answer is b) Pituitary for synthesis and release of growth hormone. Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) is a neurohormone produced by the hypothalamus. It is released into the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal blood vessels and travels to the anterior pituitary gland. Upon reaching the anterior pituitary, GHRH stimulates the somatotroph cells to synthesize and release growth hormone (somatotropin). Growth hormone is essential for promoting growth, development, and metabolism throughout the body. It stimulates protein synthesis, increases lipolysis, and promotes the growth of bones and muscles. The GHRH-growth hormone axis is regulated by negative feedback, where high levels…
- 30. The blood vessels supplies to skin constricts and thus there is a decrease in the secretion of sweat prevents loss of water. There is a reduction in the glomerular blood pressure and the rate of filtration decreases. The reaborption of water in the proximal distal convoluted tubules increase. There is absorption of water from the small intestine and large intestine and thus increases the water content in the blood.
- 31. The earthworm normally crawl with the help of their body muscles setae and buccal chamber. The outer circular and inner longitudinal muscle layers lies below the epidermis of the body wall. The contraction of circular muscles make the body long and narrow while the longitudinal muscle make the body short and broad and hence due to the contraction of longitudinal muscle the earthworm moves. The alternate waves of extensions and contractions are aided by the leverage afforded by the buccal chamber and setae.
- 32. The parathyroid hormone (PTH) is the hypercalcemic hormone. It is a peptide hormone. It involves in controlling the calcium and phosphate homeostasis. The secretes or PTH is controlled by calcium level in the blood. It increases the blood calcium level by stimulating osteoclasts to dissolve the bone matrix. As a result calcium and phosphate are released into the blood. PTH enhances the re-absorption of calcium and exertion of phosphates by the renal tubules. It promotes activation of vitamin D to increase calcium absorption by intestinal mucosal cells.
- 33. When we drink or eat salty products the Na+ enters into the body fluids. The sodium ions helps in the reabsorption of water But when we drink only water as there is no sodium ions the tubules cannot reabsorb water. Hence there is an increase in the urine output.
- 34. The smell the sight and taste as well as the mechanical stimulation of food in the mouth trigger a reflex action that results in the secretion of saliva. The mechanical digestion starts in the mouth by grinding and chewing of good. The saliva contains water electrolytes like Na, K, Cl, HCO3 salivary amylase or ptyalin antibacterial agent lysozyme and a lubrication agent mucus. The saliva moistening lubricating and adhering the masticated food into a bolus. The ptyalin in the saliva hydrolyzes 30% of the poly saccharide into disaccharides. The bolus is passed into the pharynx and then into the oesophagus by swallowing or deglutition. The bolus reaches the stomach by successive waves of mus…
- 35. It regulates the Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) and body heat production. It stimulates protein synthesis and promotes growth It is essential for the development of skeletal and nervous system. It plays an important role in maintaining blood pressure It reduces serum cholesterol levels. Optimum levels of thyroxine in the blood are necessary for gonadial functions.
- 36. Micturition is the process of release or expulsion of urine from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body. It is also called urination. The urine formed by the nephrons is transported through the collecting ducts and ureters to the urinary bladder where it is stored until the bladder receives appropriate signals from the central nervous system to expel the urine. The regulation of urination by the central nervous system involves a reflex arc mechanism. When the urinary bladder becomes filled with urine, the stretch receptors present in the bladder wall are stimulated by the distension of the bladder. These stretch receptors send sensory signals to the sacral spinal cord through sens…
- 37. Platelets are known as thrombocytes. They are synthesized by the megakaryocytes of bone marrow. They are devoid of a nucleus. Blood normally contains 150000 – 350000 platelets mm3 of blood. They are involved in blood coagulation. The reduction in platelet number can lead to clotting disorders leads to excessive loss of blood from the body.
- 38. The skull is composed of two sets of bones – cranial and facial bones. It consists of 22 bones of which 8 are cranial bones and 14 are facial, bones. The cranial bones form the hard protective outer covering of the brain and called the brain box. The capacity of the cranium is 1500 cm3. These bones are joined by sutures which are immovable. They are paired parietal, paired temporal and individual bones such as the frontal, sphenoid, occipital and ethmoid. The large hole in the temporal bone is the external auditory meatus. In the facial bones maxilla, zygomatic, palatine, lacrimal, nasal are paired bones whereas mandible or lower jaw and vomer are unpaired bones. They form the front part…
- 39. The caloric values of macronutrients are essential for understanding energy requirements and nutritional balance. Carbohydrates have a caloric value of 4.1 calories per gram and a physiological fuel value of 4 kilocalories per gram. Lipids (fats) have a caloric value of 9.45 kilocalories per gram and a physiological fuel value of 9 kilocalories per gram, making them the most energy-dense macronutrient. Proteins have a caloric value of 5.65 kilocalories per gram and a physiological fuel value of 4 kilocalories per gram. In a balanced diet, approximately 50 percent of energy should come from carbohydrates, 35 percent from fats, and 15 percent from proteins. Daily requirements include approx…