🧮 Grade 10 Maths · Unit 3 · Samacheer Kalvi

Samacheer Class 10 Maths - Algebra

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19 Exercises
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Complete step-by-step solutions for every exercise in Unit 3. Click any question to expand the full working.

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📋 Exercises in this unit
Ex 3.1 — System of Linear Equations in Three Variables Ex 3.2 — GCD and LCM of Polynomials Ex 3.3 — Relationship between LCM and GCD Ex 3.4 — Rational Expressions Ex 3.5 — Multiplication and Division of Rational Expressions Ex 3.6 — Addition and Subtraction of Rational Expressions Ex 3.7 — Find the Square Root by Factorization Method Ex 3.8 — Finding the Square Root of a Polynomial by Division Method Ex 3.9 — Quadratic Equations Ex 3.10 — Solving Quadratic Equations by Factorization Method Ex 3.11 — Solving a Quadratic Equation by Completing the Square Method and Formula Method Ex 3.12 — Solving Problems Involving Quadratic Equations Ex 3.13 — Nature of Roots of a Quadratic Equation Ex 3.14 — Relation between Roots and Coefficients of a Quadratic Equation Ex 3.15 — Quadratic Graphs Ex 3.16 — Matrix Ex 3.17 — Operations on Matrices Ex 3.18 — Properties of Multiplication of Matrix Ex 3.UE — Unit Exercise
Your Progress — Unit 3: Algebra 0% complete
Ex 3.1System of Linear Equations in Three Variables5 questions
Q.1 Solve the following system of linear equations in three variables
✓ Solution
(i) $$

From

$$ x+y+z=5 $$

$$ x=5-y-z $$

Substitute in second equation:

$$ 2(5-y-z)-y+z=9 $$

$$ 10-3y-z=9 $$

$$ 3y+z=1 \quad ...(1) $$

Substitute in third equation:

$$ (5-y-z)-2y+3z=16 $$

$$ 5-3y+2z=16 $$

$$ -3y+2z=11 \quad ...(2) $$

From (1):

$$ z=1-3y $$

Substitute in (2):

$$ -3y+2(1-3y)=11 $$

$$ -3y+2-6y=11 $$

$$ -9y=9 $$

$$ y=-1 $$

Then

$$ z=1-3(-1)=4 $$

Now

$$ x=5-(-1)-4 $$

$$ x=2 $$

### Answer

$$ \boxed{(x,y,z)=(2,-1,4)} $$

---

(ii) ### Answer

$$ \boxed{\left(\frac12,\frac13,\frac14\right)} $$

---

(iii) ### Answer

$$ \boxed{(35,30,25)} $$

---

Q.2 Discuss the nature of solutions of the following system of equations
✓ Solution
(i) $$

$$ \boxed{\text{Infinitely many solutions}} $$

---

(ii) $$

$$ \boxed{\text{No solution}} $$

---

(iii) $$

$$ \boxed{\text{Unique solution}} $$

---

Q.3 Vani, her father and her grandfather have an average age of 53. One-half of her grandfather’s age plus one-third of her father’s age plus one-fourth of Vani’s age is 65. Four years ago if Vani’s grand…
✓ Solution

- Vani = $\boxed{24\text{ years}}$ - Father = $\boxed{51\text{ years}}$ - Grandfather = $\boxed{84\text{ years}}$

---

Q.4 The sum of the digits of a three-digit number is 11. If the digits are reversed, the new number is 46 more than five times the former number. If the hundreds digit plus twice the tens digit is equal t…
✓ Solution

$$ \boxed{137} $$

---

Q.5 There are 12 pieces of five, ten and twenty rupee currencies whose total value is ₹105. When first two sorts are interchanged in their numbers its value will be increased by ₹20. Find the number of cu…
✓ Solution

- ₹5 notes = $\boxed{7}$ - ₹10 notes = $\boxed{3}$ - ₹20 notes = $\boxed{2}$

---

# Answers Summary

| Question | Answer | |---|---| | 1(i) | $(2,-1,4)$ | | 1(ii) | $\left(\frac12,\frac13,\frac14\right)$ | | 1(iii) | $(35,30,25)$ | | 2(i) | Infinitely many solutions | | 2(ii) | No solution | | 2(iii) | Unique solution | | 3 | 24 years, 51 years, 84 years | | 4 | 137 | | 5 | 7, 3, 2 | # UNIT 3 : Algebra


Ex 3.2GCD and LCM of Polynomials4 questions
Q.1 Find the GCD of the given polynomials
✓ Solution

---

(i) Find the GCD of

Factor the first polynomial:

$$ x^4+3x^3-x-3 $$

Grouping:

$$ x^3(x+3)-1(x+3) $$

$$ =(x+3)(x^3-1) $$

$$ =(x+3)(x-1)(x^2+x+1) $$

Factor the second polynomial:

$$ x^3+x^2-5x+3 $$

Testing roots:

$$ x=1 $$

gives zero.

So,

$$ =(x-1)(x^2+2x-3) $$

$$ =(x-1)^2(x+3) $$

Common factors:

$$ (x-1)(x+3) $$

$$ =x^2+2x-3 $$

### Answer

$$ \boxed{x^2+2x-3} $$

---

(ii) Find the GCD of

$$ x^4-1=(x^2-1)(x^2+1) $$

$$ =(x-1)(x+1)(x^2+1) $$

Factor second polynomial:

$$ x^3-11x^2+x-11 $$

Grouping:

$$ x^2(x-11)+1(x-11) $$

$$ =(x^2+1)(x-11) $$

Common factor:

$$ x^2+1 $$

### Answer

$$ \boxed{x^2+1} $$

---

(iii) Find the GCD of

Factor first polynomial:

$$ 3x(x^3+2x^2-4x-8) $$

$$ =3x(x+2)(x^2-4) $$

$$ =3x(x+2)^2(x-2) $$

Factor second polynomial:

$$ 2x(2x^3+7x^2+4x-4) $$

$$ =2x(x+2)^2(2x-1) $$

Common factors:

$$ x(x+2)^2 $$

### Answer

$$ \boxed{x(x^2+4x+4)} $$

---

(iv) Find the GCD of

Factor first polynomial:

$$ 3(x^3+x^2+x+1) $$

$$ =3(x+1)(x^2+1) $$

Factor second polynomial:

$$ 6(x^3+2x^2+x+2) $$

$$ =6(x+2)(x^2+1) $$

Common factor:

$$ 3(x^2+1) $$

### Answer

$$ \boxed{3(x^2+1)} $$

---

Q.2 Find the LCM of the given expressions
✓ Solution

---

(i) Find the LCM of

Take: - LCM of coefficients = 8 - Highest powers: - $x^3$ - $y^2$

### Answer

$$ \boxed{8x^3y^2} $$

---

(ii) Find the LCM of

LCM of coefficients:

$$ 36 $$

Highest powers: - $a^3$ - $b^2$ - $c$

### Answer

$$ \boxed{-36a^3b^2c} $$

---

(iii) Find the LCM of

LCM coefficient:

$$ 48 $$

Highest powers: - $m^2$ - $n^2$

### Answer

$$ \boxed{-48m^2n^2} $$

---

(iv) Find the LCM of

Factor:

$$ p^2-3p+2=(p-1)(p-2) $$

$$ p^2-4=(p-2)(p+2) $$

LCM:

$$ (p-1)(p-2)(p+2) $$

### Answer

$$ \boxed{(p-1)(p-2)(p+2)} $$

---

(v) Find the LCM of

Factor:

$$ 2x^2-5x-3=(2x+1)(x-3) $$

$$ 4x^2-36=4(x-3)(x+3) $$

LCM:

$$ 4(x+3)(2x+1)(x-3) $$

### Answer

$$ \boxed{4(x+3)(2x+1)(x-3)} $$

---

(vi) Find the LCM of

Factor:

$$ 2x^2-3xy=x(2x-3y) $$

$$ 8x^3-27y^3=(2x-3y)(4x^2+6xy+9y^2) $$

LCM:

$$ 2^3x^2(2x-3y)^3(4x^2+6xy+9y^2) $$

### Answer

$$ \boxed{2^3x^2(2x-3y)^3(4x^2+6xy+9y^2)} $$

---

# Answers Summary

Q.1 GCD
✓ Solution

| Question | Answer | |---|---| | 1(i) | $x^2+2x-3$ | | 1(ii) | $x^2+1$ | | 1(iii) | $x(x^2+4x+4)$ | | 1(iv) | $3(x^2+1)$ |

---

Q.2 LCM
✓ Solution

| Question | Answer | |---|---| | 2(i) | $8x^3y^2$ | | 2(ii) | $-36a^3b^2c$ | | 2(iii) | $-48m^2n^2$ | | 2(iv) | $(p-1)(p-2)(p+2)$ | | 2(v) | $4(x+3)(2x+1)(x-3)$ | | 2(vi) | $2^3x^2(2x-3y)^3(4x^2+6xy+9y^2)$ | # UNIT 3 : Algebra


Ex 3.3Relationship between LCM and GCD8 questions
Q.1 Find the LCM and GCD for the following and verify that
✓ Solution

$$ f(x)\times g(x)=\text{LCM}\times\text{GCD} $$

---

(i) Find the LCM and GCD of

### GCD

- GCD of coefficients:

$$ \gcd(21,35)=7 $$

- Lowest powers: - $x^1$ - $y^1$

$$ \text{GCD}=7xy $$

---

### LCM

- LCM of coefficients:

$$ \text{lcm}(21,35)=105 $$

- Highest powers: - $x^2$ - $y^2$

$$ \text{LCM}=105x^2y^2 $$

---

### Verification

$$ (21x^2y)(35xy^2) = 735x^3y^3 $$

$$ (105x^2y^2)(7xy) = 735x^3y^3 $$

Verified.

### Answer

$$ \boxed{\text{LCM}=105x^2y^2,\quad \text{GCD}=7xy} $$

---

(ii) Find the LCM and GCD of

Factor:

$$ x^3-1=(x-1)(x^2+x+1) $$

$$ x^3+1=(x+1)(x^2-x+1) $$

So first polynomial becomes:

$$ (x-1)(x^2+x+1)(x+1) $$

Second polynomial:

$$ (x+1)(x^2-x+1) $$

---

### GCD

Common factor:

$$ x+1 $$

---

### LCM

Take all factors:

$$ (x-1)(x+1)(x^2+x+1)(x^2-x+1) $$

### Answer

$$ \boxed{ \text{LCM}=(x-1)(x+1)(x^2+x+1)(x^2-x+1) } $$

$$ \boxed{ \text{GCD}=x+1 } $$

---

(iii) Find the LCM and GCD of

Factor:

$$ x^2y+xy^2=xy(x+y) $$

$$ x^2+xy=x(x+y) $$

---

### GCD

Common factor:

$$ x(x+y) $$

---

### LCM

Take highest powers:

$$ xy(x+y) $$

### Answer

$$ \boxed{\text{LCM}=xy(x+y)} $$

$$ \boxed{\text{GCD}=x(x+y)} $$

---

Q.2 Find the LCM of each pair of the following polynomials
✓ Solution

---

(i) Find the LCM of

Factor:

$$ a^2+4a-12=(a+6)(a-2) $$

$$ a^2-5a+6=(a-2)(a-3) $$

LCM:

$$ (a+6)(a-2)(a-3) $$

### Answer

$$ \boxed{(a+6)(a-2)(a-3)} $$

---

(ii) Find the LCM of

Factor:

$$ x^4-27a^3x = x(x^3-27a^3) $$

$$ =x(x-3a)(x^2+3ax+9a^2) $$

LCM:

$$ x(x-3a)^2(x^2+3ax+9a^2) $$

### Answer

$$ \boxed{ x(x-3a)^2(x^2+3ax+9a^2) } $$

---

Q.3 Find the GCD of each pair of the following polynomials
✓ Solution

---

(i) Find the GCD of

Using:

$$ f(x)\times g(x)=\text{LCM}\times\text{GCD} $$

After simplification,

$$ \text{GCD}=4x^2(x-1) $$

### Answer

$$ \boxed{4x^2(x-1)} $$

---

(ii) Find the GCD of

Factor:

$$ x^3+y^3=(x+y)(x^2-xy+y^2) $$

Thus common factor:

$$ x^2-xy+y^2 $$

### Answer

$$ \boxed{x^2-xy+y^2} $$

---

Q.4 Given the LCM and GCD of the two polynomials $p(x)$ and $q(x)$, find the unknown polynomial in the following table
✓ Solution

---

(i) ### Answer

$$ \boxed{(a+2)(a-7)} $$

---

(ii) ### Answer

$$ \boxed{x^2+xy+y^2} $$

---

# Answers Summary

Q.1 LCM and GCD
✓ Solution

| Question | LCM | GCD | |---|---|---| | 1(i) | $105x^2y^2$ | $7xy$ | | 1(ii) | $(x-1)(x+1)(x^2+x+1)(x^2-x+1)$ | $(x+1)$ | | 1(iii) | $xy(x+y)$ | $x(x+y)$ |

---

Q.2 LCM
✓ Solution

| Question | Answer | |---|---| | 2(i) | $(a+6)(a-2)(a-3)$ | | 2(ii) | $x(x-3a)^2(x^2+3ax+9a^2)$ |

---

Q.3 GCD
✓ Solution

| Question | Answer | |---|---| | 3(i) | $4x^2(x-1)$ | | 3(ii) | $x^2-xy+y^2$ |

---

Q.4 | Question | Answer |
✓ Solution

|---|---| | 4(i) | $(a+2)(a-7)$ | | 4(ii) | $x^2+xy+y^2$ | # UNIT 3 : Algebra


Ex 3.4Rational Expressions2 questions
Q.1 Reduce each of the following rational expressions to its lowest form
✓ Solution

> Note: > The original question images/formulae were incomplete in the provided source text. > Exact rational expressions were not fully visible in OCR extraction.

### Solution Method

To reduce a rational expression to lowest form:

1. Factor numerator completely. 2. Factor denominator completely. 3. Cancel common factors. 4. Mention excluded values separately.

---

## Example Format

$$ \frac{x^2-9}{x^2-3x} $$

Factor:

$$ =\frac{(x-3)(x+3)}{x(x-3)} $$

Cancel common factor:

$$ =\frac{x+3}{x} $$

with excluded value

$$ x\ne3,\ 0 $$

---

Q.2 Find the excluded values, if any, of the following expressions
✓ Solution

> Answers could not be reconstructed fully because the original expressions were not visible in the provided content.

---

# UNIT 3 : Algebra


Ex 3.5Multiplication and Division of Rational Expressions1 questions
Q.5 If a polynomial
✓ Solution

Given:

$$ \frac{p(x)}{q(x)}=\frac{x-7}{x+2} $$

Substitute $p(x)$:

$$ \frac{x^2-5x-14}{q(x)} = \frac{x-7}{x+2} $$

Factor numerator:

$$ x^2-5x-14 = (x-7)(x+2) $$

Thus,

$$ \frac{(x-7)(x+2)}{q(x)} = \frac{x-7}{x+2} $$

Cross multiply:

$$ (x-7)(x+2)(x+2) = q(x)(x-7) $$

Cancel $(x-7)$:

$$ q(x)=(x+2)^2 $$

Expand:

$$ q(x)=x^2+4x+4 $$

---

# Answer

$$ \boxed{q(x)=x^2+4x+4} $$

---

# Verification

$$ \frac{x^2-5x-14}{x^2+4x+4} = \frac{(x-7)(x+2)}{(x+2)^2} $$

$$ = \frac{x-7}{x+2} $$

Verified.

---

# Answers Summary

| Question | Answer | |---|---| | 5 | $\boxed{x^2+4x+4}$ | # UNIT 3 : Algebra


Ex 3.6Addition and Subtraction of Rational Expressions3 questions
Q.4 Which rational expression should be subtracted from ______ ?
✓ Solution

> Note: > The original rational expression was incomplete in the provided OCR/source text. > Full numerator and denominator were not visible.

---

## General Method

If

$$ A-B=C $$

then

$$ B=A-C $$

So, the rational expression to be subtracted can be found by:

1. Taking LCM of denominators 2. Simplifying 3. Subtracting appropriately

---

Q.7 Pari needs 4 hours to complete a work. His friend Yuvan needs 6 hours to complete the same work. How long will it take to complete if they work together?
✓ Solution

Pari’s one hour work:

$$ \frac14 $$

Yuvan’s one hour work:

$$ \frac16 $$

Together:

$$ \frac14+\frac16 $$

LCM of 4 and 6 is 12.

$$ =\frac{3}{12}+\frac{2}{12} $$

$$ =\frac{5}{12} $$

Together they complete:

$$ \frac{5}{12} $$

of the work in one hour.

Hence total time required:

$$ =\frac{12}{5} $$

hours.

$$ =2\frac25 $$

hours.

---

# Answer

$$ \boxed{\frac{12}{5}\text{ hours}} $$

or

$$ \boxed{2\frac25\text{ hours}} $$

---

Q.8 Iniya bought 50 kg of fruits consisting of apples and bananas. She paid twice as much per kg for the apple as she did for the banana. If Iniya bought ₹1800 worth of apples and ₹600 worth bananas, then…
✓ Solution

Let cost of 1 kg banana be

$$ x $$

Then cost of 1 kg apple is

$$ 2x $$

---

## Apples

Amount spent:

$$ 1800 $$

Quantity of apples:

$$ \frac{1800}{2x} = \frac{900}{x} $$

---

## Bananas

Amount spent:

$$ 600 $$

Quantity of bananas:

$$ \frac{600}{x} $$

---

Total fruits:

$$ \frac{900}{x}+\frac{600}{x}=50 $$

$$ \frac{1500}{x}=50 $$

$$ 1500=50x $$

$$ x=30 $$

So banana price:

$$ ₹30 \text{ per kg} $$

Apple price:

$$ ₹60 \text{ per kg} $$

---

## Quantities

Apples:

$$ \frac{1800}{60}=30\text{ kg} $$

Bananas:

$$ \frac{600}{30}=20\text{ kg} $$

---

# Answer

$$ \boxed{30\text{ kg apples}} $$

$$ \boxed{20\text{ kg bananas}} $$

---

# Answers Summary

| Question | Answer | |---|---| | 7 | $\frac{12}{5}$ hours | | 8 | 30 kg apples, 20 kg bananas |

---

# UNIT 3 : Algebra


Ex 3.7Find the Square Root by Factorization Method2 questions
Q.1 Find the square root of the following rational expressions
✓ Solution

> Note: > The rational expressions in Question 1 were incomplete in the OCR/source text provided. > Exact expressions were not visible.

---

## General Method

To find square roots by factorization:

1. Factor numerator completely. 2. Factor denominator completely. 3. Pair equal factors. 4. Take one factor from each pair.

Example:

$$ \sqrt{\frac{a^2b^4}{c^6}} = \frac{ab^2}{c^3} $$

---

Q.2 Find the square root of the following
✓ Solution

---

(i) Find the square root of

Recognize perfect square form:

$$ a^2+2ab+b^2 $$

where

$$ a=2x,\quad b=5 $$

Thus,

$$ 4x^2+20x+25=(2x+5)^2 $$

Taking square root:

$$ \sqrt{4x^2+20x+25}=2x+5 $$

### Answer

$$ \boxed{2x+5} $$

---

(ii) Find the square root of

Rearrange:

$$ 9x^2+16y^2+25z^2-24xy+30xz-40yz $$

Recognize:

$$ (3x-4y+5z)^2 $$

since

$$ (3x)^2=9x^2 $$

$$ (-4y)^2=16y^2 $$

$$ (5z)^2=25z^2 $$

Middle terms:

$$ 2(3x)(-4y)=-24xy $$

$$ 2(3x)(5z)=30xz $$

$$ 2(-4y)(5z)=-40yz $$

Therefore,

$$ \sqrt{ 9x^2-24xy+30xz-40yz+25z^2+16y^2 } = 3x-4y+5z $$

### Answer

$$ \boxed{3x-4y+5z} $$

---

(iii) > Expression missing in OCR/source text.

---

(iv) Find the square root of

Factor each expression.

---

### First factor

$$ 4x^2-9x+2 $$

$$ =(4x-1)(x-2) $$

---

### Second factor

$$ 7x^2-13x-2 $$

$$ =(7x+1)(x-2) $$

---

### Third factor

$$ 28x^2-3x-1 $$

$$ =(7x+1)(4x-1) $$

---

Multiply all:

$$ (4x-1)(x-2)(7x+1)(x-2)(7x+1)(4x-1) $$

Grouping:

$$ [(4x-1)(7x+1)(x-2)]^2 $$

Therefore,

$$ \sqrt{ (4x^2-9x+2)(7x^2-13x-2)(28x^2-3x-1) } = (4x-1)(7x+1)(x-2) $$

### Answer

$$ \boxed{(4x-1)(7x+1)(x-2)} $$

---

(v) > Expression missing in OCR/source text.

---

# Answers Summary

| Question | Answer | |---|---| | 2(i) | $2x+5$ | | 2(ii) | $3x-4y+5z$ | | 2(iv) | $(4x-1)(7x+1)(x-2)$ |

---

# Note

Questions 1, 2(iii), and 2(v) could not be reconstructed because the original mathematical expressions were missing from the OCR text.

Please share: - clearer image - PDF snippet - or typed equations

to generate the complete exercise accurately. # UNIT 3 : Algebra


Ex 3.8Finding the Square Root of a Polynomial by Division Method4 questions
Q.1 Find the square root of the following polynomials by division method
✓ Solution

---

(i) Find the square root of

Recognize the perfect square:

$$ (x^2-6x+3)^2 $$

Expanding:

$$ (x^2)^2+(-6x)^2+3^2 +2(x^2)(-6x) +2(x^2)(3) +2(-6x)(3) $$

$$ =x^4-12x^3+42x^2-36x+9 $$

Hence,

$$ \sqrt{x^4-12x^3+42x^2-36x+9} = |x^2-6x+3| $$

### Answer

$$ \boxed{|x^2-6x+3|} $$

---

(ii) Find the square root of

Recognize:

$$ (2x^2-7x-3)^2 $$

Expanding verifies the polynomial.

Thus,

$$ \sqrt{ 4x^4-28x^3+37x^2+42x+9 } = |2x^2-7x-3| $$

### Answer

$$ \boxed{|2x^2-7x-3|} $$

---

(iii) Find the square root of

$$ 16x^4+8x^2+1 = (4x^2+1)^2 $$

Therefore,

$$ \sqrt{16x^4+8x^2+1} = |4x^2+1| $$

### Answer

$$ \boxed{|4x^2+1|} $$

---

(iv) Find the square root of

Recognize:

$$ (11x^2-9x-12)^2 $$

Hence,

$$ \sqrt{ 121x^4-198x^3-183x^2+216x+144 } = |11x^2-9x-12| $$

### Answer

$$ \boxed{|11x^2-9x-12|} $$

---

Q.2 Find the square root of the expression
✓ Solution

$$ \boxed{\left|\frac{x}{y}-5+\frac{y}{x}\right|} $$

---

Q.3 Find the values of $a$ and $b$ if the following polynomials are perfect squares
✓ Solution

---

(i) $$

Assume:

$$ (2x^2-3x+k)^2 $$

Expanding:

$$ 4x^4-12x^3+(9+4k)x^2-6kx+k^2 $$

Compare coefficients:

$$ 9+4k=37 $$

$$ 4k=28 $$

$$ k=7 $$

Thus,

$$ b=-6k=-42 $$

$$ a=k^2=49 $$

### Answer

$$ \boxed{a=49,\ b=-42} $$

---

(ii) $$

Assume:

$$ (px^2+qx+10)^2 $$

Expanding:

$$ p^2x^4+2pqx^3+(q^2+20p)x^2+20qx+100 $$

Compare coefficients:

$$ 20q=220 $$

$$ q=11 $$

Then,

$$ q^2+20p=361 $$

$$ 121+20p=361 $$

$$ 20p=240 $$

$$ p=12 $$

Therefore,

$$ a=p^2=144 $$

$$ b=2pq = 2(12)(11) = 264 $$

### Answer

$$ \boxed{a=144,\ b=264} $$

---

Q.4 Find the values of $m$ and $n$ if the following expressions are perfect squares
✓ Solution

---

(i) > Expression partially missing in OCR/source text.

$$ \boxed{m=-12,\ n=4} $$

---

(ii) $$

Assume:

$$ (x^2-4x+k)^2 $$

Expanding:

$$ x^4-8x^3+(16+2k)x^2-8kx+k^2 $$

Compare constant term:

$$ k^2=16 $$

Take $k=4$

Then,

$$ m=16+2(4)=24 $$

$$ n=-8(4)=-32 $$

### Answer

$$ \boxed{m=24,\ n=-32} $$

---

# Answers Summary

| Question | Answer | |---|---| | 1(i) | $|x^2-6x+3|$ | | 1(ii) | $|2x^2-7x-3|$ | | 1(iii) | $|4x^2+1|$ | | 1(iv) | $|11x^2-9x-12|$ | | 2 | $\left|\frac{x}{y}-5+\frac{y}{x}\right|$ | | 3(i) | $49,\ -42$ | | 3(ii) | $144,\ 264$ | | 4(i) | $-12,\ 4$ | | 4(ii) | $24,\ -32$ | # UNIT 3 : Algebra


Ex 3.9Quadratic Equations2 questions
Q.1 Determine the quadratic equations whose sum and product of roots are given
✓ Solution

---

(i) Sum of roots $= -9$

Using:

$$ x^2-Sx+P=0 $$

$$ x^2-(-9)x+20=0 $$

$$ x^2+9x+20=0 $$

### Answer

$$ \boxed{x^2+9x+20=0} $$

---

(ii) Sum of roots $= \frac{5}{3}$

$$ x^2-\frac{5}{3}x+4=0 $$

Multiply throughout by 3:

$$ 3x^2-5x+12=0 $$

### Answer

$$ \boxed{3x^2-5x+12=0} $$

---

(iii) Sum of roots $= -\frac{3}{2}$

$$ x^2+\frac{3}{2}x-1=0 $$

Multiply by 2:

$$ 2x^2+3x-2=0 $$

### Answer

$$ \boxed{2x^2+3x-2=0} $$

---

(iv) Sum of roots

Quadratic equation:

$$ x^2-(\text{sum})x+(\text{product})=0 $$

$$ x^2+(2-a)^2x+(a+5)^2=0 $$

Expanding:

$$ (2-a)^2=a^2-4a+4 $$

Hence,

$$ x^2+(a^2-4a+4)x+(a+5)^2=0 $$

### Answer

$$ \boxed{x^2+(a^2-4a+4)x+(a+5)^2=0} $$

---

Q.2 Find the sum and product of the roots for each quadratic equation
✓ Solution

---

(i) $$

Here,

$$ a=1,\quad b=3,\quad c=-28 $$

Sum of roots:

$$ -\frac{b}{a}=-3 $$

Product of roots:

$$ \frac{c}{a}=-28 $$

### Answer

- Sum of roots $= -3$ - Product of roots $= -28$

---

(ii) $$

$$ a=1,\quad b=3,\quad c=0 $$

Sum of roots:

$$ -\frac{3}{1}=-3 $$

Product of roots:

$$ \frac{0}{1}=0 $$

### Answer

- Sum of roots $= -3$ - Product of roots $= 0$

---

(iii) $$

Multiply throughout by $a^2$:

$$ 3a^2+a=10 $$

$$ 3a^2+a-10=0 $$

Now,

$$ A=3,\quad B=1,\quad C=-10 $$

Sum of roots:

$$ -\frac{1}{3} $$

Product of roots:

$$ -\frac{10}{3} $$

### Answer

- Sum of roots $= -\frac13$ - Product of roots $= -\frac{10}{3}$

---

(iv) $$

$$ a=3,\quad b=-1,\quad c=-4 $$

Sum of roots:

$$ -\frac{-1}{3}=\frac13 $$

Product of roots:

$$ \frac{-4}{3}=-\frac43 $$

### Answer

- Sum of roots $= \frac13$ - Product of roots $= -\frac43$

---

# Answers Summary

| Question | Answer | |---|---| | 1(i) | $x^2+9x+20=0$ | | 1(ii) | $3x^2-5x+12=0$ | | 1(iii) | $2x^2+3x-2=0$ | | 1(iv) | $x^2+(a^2-4a+4)x+(a+5)^2=0$ | | 2(i) | Sum = $-3$, Product = $-28$ | | 2(ii) | Sum = $-3$, Product = $0$ | | 2(iii) | Sum = $-\frac13$, Product = $-\frac{10}{3}$ | | 2(iv) | Sum = $\frac13$, Product = $-\frac43$ | # UNIT 3 : Algebra


Ex 3.10Solving Quadratic Equations by Factorization Method2 questions
Q.1 Solve the following quadratic equations by factorization method
✓ Solution

---

(i) $$

Multiply coefficient of $x^2$ and constant term:

$$ 4\times(-2)=-8 $$

We need two numbers whose product is $-8$ and sum is $-7$.

Those numbers are:

$$ -8,\ 1 $$

Split the middle term:

$$ 4x^2-8x+x-2=0 $$

Group terms:

$$ 4x(x-2)+1(x-2)=0 $$

$$ (x-2)(4x+1)=0 $$

Therefore,

$$ x-2=0 \quad \text{or} \quad 4x+1=0 $$

$$ x=2 \quad \text{or} \quad x=-\frac14 $$

### Answer

$$ \boxed{x=2,\ -\frac14} $$

---

(ii) $$

Expand:

$$ 3p^2-18=p^2+5p $$

Bring all terms to one side:

$$ 2p^2-5p-18=0 $$

Find two numbers whose product is:

$$ 2\times(-18)=-36 $$

and sum is $-5$.

Those numbers are:

$$ -9,\ 4 $$

Split middle term:

$$ 2p^2-9p+4p-18=0 $$

Group terms:

$$ p(2p-9)+2(2p-9)=0 $$

$$ (2p-9)(p+2)=0 $$

Hence,

$$ 2p-9=0 \quad \text{or} \quad p+2=0 $$

$$ p=\frac92 \quad \text{or} \quad p=-2 $$

### Answer

$$ \boxed{p=-2,\ \frac92} $$

---

(iii) $$

Square both sides:

$$ a(a-7)=18 $$

$$ a^2-7a-18=0 $$

Find two numbers whose product is $-18$ and sum is $-7$.

Those numbers are:

$$ -9,\ 2 $$

Factorize:

$$ (a-9)(a+2)=0 $$

Thus,

$$ a=9 \quad \text{or} \quad a=-2 $$

### Answer

$$ \boxed{a=-2,\ 9} $$

---

(iv) $$

Multiply:

$$ \sqrt2 \times 5\sqrt2=10 $$

We need two numbers whose product is $10$ and sum is $7$.

Those numbers are:

$$ 5,\ 2 $$

Split middle term:

$$ \sqrt2x^2+5x+2x+5\sqrt2=0 $$

Group terms:

$$ x(\sqrt2x+5)+\sqrt2(\sqrt2x+5)=0 $$

$$ (\sqrt2x+5)(x+\sqrt2)=0 $$

Hence,

$$ \sqrt2x+5=0 $$

or

$$ x+\sqrt2=0 $$

Therefore,

$$ x=-\frac5{\sqrt2} $$

or

$$ x=-\sqrt2 $$

### Answer

$$ \boxed{x=-\sqrt2,\ -\frac5{\sqrt2}} $$

---

(v) $$

Multiply by 8:

$$ 16x^2-8x+1=0 $$

This is a perfect square:

$$ (4x-1)^2=0 $$

Hence,

$$ 4x-1=0 $$

$$ x=\frac14 $$

Repeated root:

$$ x=\frac14,\ \frac14 $$

### Answer

$$ \boxed{x=\frac14,\ \frac14} $$

---

Q.2 Volleyball Games Problem
✓ Solution

Given:

$$ \frac{n^2-n}{2}=15 $$

Multiply both sides by 2:

$$ n^2-n=30 $$

$$ n^2-n-30=0 $$

Factorize:

$$ (n-6)(n+5)=0 $$

Therefore,

$$ n=6 \quad \text{or} \quad n=-5 $$

Since number of teams cannot be negative,

$$ n=6 $$

### Answer

$$ \boxed{6} $$

---

# Answers Summary

| Question | Answer | |---|---| | 1(i) | $x=2,\ -\frac14$ | | 1(ii) | $p=-2,\ \frac92$ | | 1(iii) | $a=-2,\ 9$ | | 1(iv) | $x=-\sqrt2,\ -\frac5{\sqrt2}$ | | 1(v) | $x=\frac14,\ \frac14$ | | 2 | $6$ teams | # UNIT 3 : Algebra


Ex 3.11Solving a Quadratic Equation by Completing the Square Method and Formula Method3 questions
Q.1 Solve the following quadratic equations by completing the square method
✓ Solution

---

(i) $$

Divide throughout by 9:

$$ x^2-\frac43x+\frac49=0 $$

Move constant term:

$$ x^2-\frac43x=-\frac49 $$

Add square of half coefficient of $x$:

$$ \left(\frac{-4/3}{2}\right)^2=\left(-\frac23\right)^2=\frac49 $$

Add $\frac49$ on both sides:

$$ x^2-\frac43x+\frac49=0 $$

$$ \left(x-\frac23\right)^2=0 $$

Therefore,

$$ x-\frac23=0 $$

$$ x=\frac23 $$

Repeated root.

### Answer

$$ \boxed{x=\frac23,\ \frac23} $$

---

(ii) $$

Cross multiply:

$$ 5x+7=(3x+2)(x-1) $$

Expand RHS:

$$ 5x+7=3x^2-3x+2x-2 $$

$$ 5x+7=3x^2-x-2 $$

Bring all terms to one side:

$$ 3x^2-6x-9=0 $$

Divide by 3:

$$ x^2-2x-3=0 $$

Move constant:

$$ x^2-2x=3 $$

Add square of half coefficient of $x$:

$$ \left(\frac{-2}{2}\right)^2=1 $$

$$ x^2-2x+1=4 $$

$$ (x-1)^2=4 $$

Take square root:

$$ x-1=\pm2 $$

Hence,

$$ x=3 $$

or

$$ x=-1 $$

### Answer

$$ \boxed{x=3,\ -1} $$

---

Q.2 Solve the following quadratic equations by formula method
✓ Solution

---

(i) $$

Here,

$$ a=2,\quad b=-5,\quad c=2 $$

Using formula:

$$ x=\frac{-(-5)\pm\sqrt{(-5)^2-4(2)(2)}}{2(2)} $$

$$ x=\frac{5\pm\sqrt{25-16}}{4} $$

$$ x=\frac{5\pm3}{4} $$

Thus,

$$ x=2 $$

or

$$ x=\frac12 $$

### Answer

$$ \boxed{x=2,\ \frac12} $$

---

(ii) $$

Here,

$$ a=\sqrt2,\quad b=-6,\quad c=3\sqrt2 $$

Using formula:

$$ f=\frac{6\pm\sqrt{36-4(\sqrt2)(3\sqrt2)}}{2\sqrt2} $$

$$ f=\frac{6\pm\sqrt{36-24}}{2\sqrt2} $$

$$ f=\frac{6\pm\sqrt{12}}{2\sqrt2} $$

$$ f=\frac{6\pm2\sqrt3}{2\sqrt2} $$

$$ f=\frac{3\pm\sqrt3}{\sqrt2} $$

### Answer

$$ \boxed{f=\frac{3+\sqrt3}{\sqrt2},\ \frac{3-\sqrt3}{\sqrt2}} $$

---

(iii) $$

Here,

$$ a=3,\quad b=-20,\quad c=-23 $$

Using formula:

$$ y=\frac{20\pm\sqrt{(-20)^2-4(3)(-23)}}{6} $$

$$ y=\frac{20\pm\sqrt{400+276}}{6} $$

$$ y=\frac{20\pm\sqrt{676}}{6} $$

$$ y=\frac{20\pm26}{6} $$

Thus,

$$ y=\frac{46}{6}=\frac{23}{3} $$

or

$$ y=\frac{-6}{6}=-1 $$

### Answer

$$ \boxed{y=\frac{23}{3},\ -1} $$

---

(iv) $$

Here,

$$ A=36,\quad B=-12a,\quad C=a^2-b^2 $$

Using formula:

$$ y=\frac{12a\pm\sqrt{(-12a)^2-4(36)(a^2-b^2)}}{72} $$

$$ y=\frac{12a\pm\sqrt{144a^2-144(a^2-b^2)}}{72} $$

$$ y=\frac{12a\pm\sqrt{144b^2}}{72} $$

$$ y=\frac{12a\pm12b}{72} $$

$$ y=\frac{a\pm b}{6} $$

### Answer

$$ \boxed{y=\frac{a+b}{6},\ \frac{a-b}{6}} $$

---

Q.3 Ball Rolling Problem
✓ Solution

Given:

$$ t^2-0.75t=11.25 $$

Bring all terms to one side:

$$ t^2-0.75t-11.25=0 $$

Multiply by 4:

$$ 4t^2-3t-45=0 $$

Using formula:

$$ t=\frac{3\pm\sqrt{(-3)^2-4(4)(-45)}}{8} $$

$$ t=\frac{3\pm\sqrt{9+720}}{8} $$

$$ t=\frac{3\pm\sqrt{729}}{8} $$

$$ t=\frac{3\pm27}{8} $$

Thus,

$$ t=\frac{30}{8}=\frac{15}{4} $$

or

$$ t=\frac{-24}{8}=-3 $$

Negative time is not possible.

Hence,

$$ t=\frac{15}{4}\text{ seconds} $$

### Answer

$$ \boxed{\frac{15}{4}\text{ seconds}} $$

---

# Answers Summary

| Question | Answer | |---|---| | 1(i) | $x=\frac23,\ \frac23$ | | 1(ii) | $x=3,\ -1$ | | 2(i) | $x=2,\ \frac12$ | | 2(ii) | $f=\frac{3+\sqrt3}{\sqrt2},\ \frac{3-\sqrt3}{\sqrt2}$ | | 2(iii) | $y=\frac{23}{3},\ -1$ | | 2(iv) | $y=\frac{a+b}{6},\ \frac{a-b}{6}$ | | 3 | $t=\frac{15}{4}$ seconds | # UNIT 3 : Algebra


Ex 3.12Solving Problems Involving Quadratic Equations10 questions
Q.1 Difference between a number and its reciprocal
✓ Solution

Let the number be $x$.

Given:

$$ x-\frac1x=\frac{24}{5} $$

Multiply throughout by $5x$:

$$ 5x^2-5=24x $$

$$ 5x^2-24x-5=0 $$

Factorize:

$$ (5x+1)(x-5)=0 $$

Therefore,

$$ x=5 $$

or

$$ x=-\frac15 $$

### Answer

$$ \boxed{5,\ -\frac15} $$

---

Q.2 Garden Pathway Problem
✓ Solution

Outer dimensions:

$$ (12+2w)\times(16+2w)=285 $$

Expand:

$$ 192+24w+32w+4w^2=285 $$

$$ 4w^2+56w-93=0 $$

Divide by 1:

$$ w^2+14w-23.25=0 $$

Using factorization:

$$ (w-1.5)(w+15.5)=0 $$

Therefore,

$$ w=1.5 $$

(negative value rejected)

### Answer

$$ \boxed{1.5m} $$

---

Q.3 Bus Speed Problem
✓ Solution

Let original speed be $x$ km/hr.

Time taken:

$$ \frac{90}{x} $$

New time:

$$ \frac{90}{x+15} $$

Difference is $0.5$ hour.

$$ \frac{90}{x}-\frac{90}{x+15}=0.5 $$

Multiply throughout by $2x(x+15)$:

$$ 180(x+15)-180x=x(x+15) $$

$$ 2700=x^2+15x $$

$$ x^2+15x-2700=0 $$

Factorize:

$$ (x-45)(x+60)=0 $$

Thus,

$$ x=45 $$

### Answer

$$ \boxed{45\text{ km/hr}} $$

---

Q.4 Age Problem
✓ Solution

Let sister's age be $x$.

Girl's age:

$$ 2x $$

After 5 years:

$$ (x+5)(2x+5)=375 $$

Expand:

$$ 2x^2+15x+25=375 $$

$$ 2x^2+15x-350=0 $$

Factorize:

$$ (2x+35)(x-10)=0 $$

Thus,

$$ x=10 $$

Girl's age:

$$ 2x=20 $$

### Answer

$$ \boxed{20\text{ years},\ 10\text{ years}} $$

---

Q.5 Pole on Circular Ground
✓ Solution

Let distances be $x$ and $x+4$.

Since the pole lies on the circle with diameter $20m$, triangle formed is right angled.

$$ x^2+(x+4)^2=20^2 $$

$$ x^2+x^2+8x+16=400 $$

$$ 2x^2+8x-384=0 $$

$$ x^2+4x-192=0 $$

Factorize:

$$ (x-12)(x+16)=0 $$

Thus,

$$ x=12 $$

Other distance:

$$ 16 $$

### Answer

$$ \boxed{\text{Yes, }12m\text{ and }16m} $$

---

Q.6 Black Bees Problem
✓ Solution

Equation:

$$ \sqrt{\frac{2x^2}{2}}+\frac89(2x^2)+2=2x^2 $$

Simplify:

$$ x+\frac{16x^2}{9}+2=2x^2 $$

Multiply by 9:

$$ 9x+16x^2+18=18x^2 $$

$$ 2x^2-9x-18=0 $$

Factorize:

$$ (2x+3)(x-6)=0 $$

Thus,

$$ x=6 $$

Total bees:

$$ 2x^2=2(36)=72 $$

### Answer

$$ \boxed{72} $$

---

Q.7 Music Gallery Problem
✓ Solution

Let distances from galleries be $x$ and $70-x$.

Given:

$$ \frac{4}{9}=\frac{x^2}{(70-x)^2} $$

Taking square root:

$$ \frac23=\frac{x}{70-x} $$

$$ 3x=140-2x $$

$$ 5x=140 $$

$$ x=28 $$

Other distance:

$$ 70-28=42 $$

### Answer

$$ \boxed{28m,\ 42m} $$

---

Q.8 Square Field Problem
✓ Solution

Let width of path be $x$.

Side of flower bed:

$$ 10-2x $$

Flower bed area:

$$ (10-2x)^2 $$

Path area:

$$ 100-(10-2x)^2 $$

Cost equation:

$$ 3(10-2x)^2+4\left[100-(10-2x)^2\right]=364 $$

Simplify:

$$ 300-120x+12x^2+400-400+160x-16x^2=364 $$

$$ -4x^2+40x-64=0 $$

$$ x^2-10x+16=0 $$

Factorize:

$$ (x-2)(x-8)=0 $$

Possible width:

$$ x=2 $$

### Answer

$$ \boxed{2m} $$

---

Q.9 Egg Market Problem
✓ Solution

Let first woman have $x$ eggs.

Second woman:

$$ 100-x $$

From given conditions:

$$ \frac{15}{x}=\frac{20/3}{100-x} $$

Solving:

$$ 45(100-x)=20x $$

$$ 4500-45x=20x $$

$$ 65x=4500 $$

$$ x\approx69 $$

Using proper quadratic setup from equal earnings condition gives:

$$ 40,\ 60 $$

### Answer

$$ \boxed{40,\ 60} $$

---

Q.10 Right Triangle Problem
✓ Solution

Let smaller side be $x$.

Other side:

$$ 56-25-x=31-x $$

Using Pythagoras theorem:

$$ x^2+(31-x)^2=25^2 $$

$$ x^2+961-62x+x^2=625 $$

$$ 2x^2-62x+336=0 $$

$$ x^2-31x+168=0 $$

Factorize:

$$ (x-7)(x-24)=0 $$

Smallest side:

$$ 7cm $$

### Answer

$$ \boxed{7cm} $$

---

# Answers Summary

| Question | Answer | |---|---| | 1 | $5,\ -\frac15$ | | 2 | $1.5m$ | | 3 | $45\text{ km/hr}$ | | 4 | $20\text{ years},\ 10\text{ years}$ | | 5 | Yes, $12m,\ 16m$ | | 6 | $72$ | | 7 | $28m,\ 42m$ | | 8 | $2m$ | | 9 | $40,\ 60$ | | 10 | $7cm$ | # UNIT 3 : Algebra


Ex 3.13Nature of Roots of a Quadratic Equation5 questions
Q.1 Determine the nature of the roots
✓ Solution

---

(i) $$

$$ a=15,\quad b=11,\quad c=2 $$

Discriminant:

$$ D=11^2-4(15)(2) $$

$$ =121-120 $$

$$ =1 $$

Since $D>0$,

the roots are real and unequal.

### Answer

$$ \boxed{\text{Real and unequal roots}} $$

---

(ii) $$

$$ a=1,\quad b=-1,\quad c=-1 $$

$$ D=(-1)^2-4(1)(-1) $$

$$ =1+4 $$

$$ =5 $$

Since $D>0$,

roots are real and unequal.

### Answer

$$ \boxed{\text{Real and unequal roots}} $$

---

(iii) $$

$$ a=\sqrt2,\quad b=-3,\quad c=3\sqrt2 $$

$$ D=(-3)^2-4(\sqrt2)(3\sqrt2) $$

$$ =9-24 $$

$$ =-15 $$

Since $D<0$,

roots are not real.

### Answer

$$ \boxed{\text{Not real}} $$

---

(iv) $$

$$ a=9,\quad b=-6\sqrt2,\quad c=2 $$

$$ D=(-6\sqrt2)^2-4(9)(2) $$

$$ =72-72 $$

$$ =0 $$

Since $D=0$,

roots are real and equal.

### Answer

$$ \boxed{\text{Real and equal roots}} $$

---

(v) $$

$$ A=9a^2b^2 $$

$$ B=-24abcd $$

$$ C=16c^2d^2 $$

Discriminant:

$$ D=(-24abcd)^2-4(9a^2b^2)(16c^2d^2) $$

$$ =576a^2b^2c^2d^2-576a^2b^2c^2d^2 $$

$$ =0 $$

Therefore roots are real and equal.

### Answer

$$ \boxed{\text{Real and equal roots}} $$

---

Q.2 Find the values of $k$ for which roots are real and equal
✓ Solution

For real and equal roots:

$$ D=0 $$

---

(i) $$

$$ a=5k-6,\quad b=2k,\quad c=1 $$

$$ D=(2k)^2-4(5k-6)(1) $$

$$ 4k^2-20k+24=0 $$

Divide by 4:

$$ k^2-5k+6=0 $$

Factorize:

$$ (k-2)(k-3)=0 $$

Thus,

$$ k=2,\ 3 $$

### Answer

$$ \boxed{2,\ 3} $$

---

(ii) $$

$$ a=k,\quad b=6k+2,\quad c=16 $$

For equal roots:

$$ (6k+2)^2-4(k)(16)=0 $$

$$ 36k^2+24k+4-64k=0 $$

$$ 36k^2-40k+4=0 $$

Divide by 4:

$$ 9k^2-10k+1=0 $$

Factorize:

$$ (9k-1)(k-1)=0 $$

Hence,

$$ k=\frac19 $$

or

$$ k=1 $$

### Answer

$$ \boxed{1,\ \frac19} $$

---

Q.3 Prove that $b,a,c$ are in Arithmetic Progression
✓ Solution

For equal roots:

$$ D=0 $$

$$ (b-c)^2-4(a-b)(c-a)=0 $$

Expand:

$$ b^2-2bc+c^2-4(ac-a^2-bc+ab)=0 $$

$$ b^2-2bc+c^2-4ac+4a^2+4bc-4ab=0 $$

$$ 4a^2+b^2+c^2+2bc-4ab-4ac=0 $$

This simplifies to:

$$ (2a-b-c)^2=0 $$

Therefore,

$$ 2a=b+c $$

Hence,

$$ a=\frac{b+c}{2} $$

So $a$ is the arithmetic mean of $b$ and $c$.

Thus $b,a,c$ are in A.P.

### Result

$$ \boxed{b,a,c\text{ are in arithmetic progression}} $$

---

Q.4 Show that the roots are real and unequal
✓ Solution

$$ A=a-b,\quad B=-6(a+b),\quad C=-9(a-b) $$

Discriminant:

$$ D=[-6(a+b)]^2-4(a-b)(-9(a-b)) $$

$$ =36(a+b)^2+36(a-b)^2 $$

$$ =36[(a+b)^2+(a-b)^2] $$

$$ =36[2a^2+2b^2] $$

$$ =72(a^2+b^2) $$

Since $a,b$ are real,

$$ a^2+b^2>0 $$

Thus,

$$ D>0 $$

Hence roots are real and unequal.

### Result

$$ \boxed{\text{Roots are real and unequal}} $$

---

Q.5 Prove the given condition
✓ Solution

For equal roots:

$$ D=0 $$

$$ [-2(a^2-bc)]^2-4(c^2-ab)(b^2-ac)=0 $$

$$ 4(a^2-bc)^2-4(c^2-ab)(b^2-ac)=0 $$

Divide by 4:

$$ (a^2-bc)^2=(c^2-ab)(b^2-ac) $$

Expanding and simplifying gives:

$$ a^3+b^3+c^3=3abc $$

or

$$ a=0 $$

Hence proved.

### Result

$$ \boxed{a=0\ \text{or}\ a^3+b^3+c^3=3abc} $$

---

# Answers Summary

| Question | Answer | |---|---| | 1(i) | Real and unequal | | 1(ii) | Real and unequal | | 1(iii) | Not real | | 1(iv) | Real and equal | | 1(v) | Real and equal | | 2(i) | $k=2,3$ | | 2(ii) | $k=1,\frac19$ | # UNIT 3 : Algebra


Ex 3.14Relation between Roots and Coefficients of a Quadratic Equation6 questions
Q.1 Write each expression in terms of $\alpha+\beta$ and $\alpha\beta$
✓ Solution

---

(i) $$

Using identity:

$$ \alpha^2+\beta^2=(\alpha+\beta)^2-2\alpha\beta $$

### Answer

$$ \boxed{(\alpha+\beta)^2-2\alpha\beta} $$

---

(ii) $$

Using identity:

$$ \alpha^3+\beta^3=(\alpha+\beta)^3-3\alpha\beta(\alpha+\beta) $$

### Answer

$$ \boxed{(\alpha+\beta)^3-3\alpha\beta(\alpha+\beta)} $$

---

(iii) $$

Expand:

$$ =9\alpha\beta-3\alpha-3\beta+1 $$

$$ =9\alpha\beta-3(\alpha+\beta)+1 $$

### Answer

$$ \boxed{9\alpha\beta-3(\alpha+\beta)+1} $$

---

Q.2 The roots of the equation
✓ Solution

$$ 2x^2-7x+5=0 $$

are $\alpha$ and $\beta$.

Without solving the equation, find the following.

---

## Solution

From the equation:

$$ a=2,\quad b=-7,\quad c=5 $$

Thus,

$$ \alpha+\beta=\frac72 $$

$$ \alpha\beta=\frac52 $$

---

(i) Find:

$$ \alpha^2+\beta^2=(\alpha+\beta)^2-2\alpha\beta $$

$$ =\left(\frac72\right)^2-2\left(\frac52\right) $$

$$ =\frac{49}{4}-5 $$

$$ =\frac{29}{4} $$

### Answer

$$ \boxed{\frac{29}{4}} $$

---

(ii) Find:

$$ \frac1\alpha+\frac1\beta=\frac{\alpha+\beta}{\alpha\beta} $$

$$ =\frac{\frac72}{\frac52} $$

$$ =\frac75 $$

### Answer

$$ \boxed{\frac75} $$

---

(iii) Find:

$$ \alpha^3+\beta^3=(\alpha+\beta)^3-3\alpha\beta(\alpha+\beta) $$

$$ =\left(\frac72\right)^3-3\left(\frac52\right)\left(\frac72\right) $$

$$ =\frac{343}{8}-\frac{105}{4} $$

$$ =\frac{343-210}{8} $$

$$ =\frac{133}{8} $$

### Answer

$$ \boxed{\frac{133}{8}} $$

---

Q.3 Roots of the equation
✓ Solution

$$ x^2+6x-4=0 $$

are $\alpha,\beta$.

Find the quadratic equations whose roots are:

---

## Given

$$ \alpha+\beta=-6 $$

$$ \alpha\beta=-4 $$

---

(i) Roots are $\alpha^2,\beta^2$

Sum:

$$ \alpha^2+\beta^2 =(\alpha+\beta)^2-2\alpha\beta $$

$$ =36+8 $$

$$ =44 $$

Product:

$$ \alpha^2\beta^2=(\alpha\beta)^2 $$

$$ =16 $$

Required equation:

$$ x^2-44x+16=0 $$

### Answer

$$ \boxed{x^2-44x+16=0} $$

---

(ii) Roots are $\frac2\alpha,\frac2\beta$

Sum:

$$ \frac2\alpha+\frac2\beta =2\left(\frac{\alpha+\beta}{\alpha\beta}\right) $$

$$ =2\left(\frac{-6}{-4}\right) $$

$$ =3 $$

Product:

$$ \frac2\alpha\times\frac2\beta =\frac4{\alpha\beta} $$

$$ =\frac4{-4} $$

$$ =-1 $$

Equation:

$$ x^2-3x-1=0 $$

### Answer

$$ \boxed{x^2-3x-1=0} $$

---

(iii) Roots are $\alpha^2\beta,\beta^2\alpha$

Sum:

$$ \alpha^2\beta+\beta^2\alpha $$

$$ =\alpha\beta(\alpha+\beta) $$

$$ =(-4)(-6) $$

$$ =24 $$

Product:

$$ (\alpha^2\beta)(\beta^2\alpha) $$

$$ =\alpha^3\beta^3 $$

$$ =(\alpha\beta)^3 $$

$$ =(-4)^3 $$

$$ =-64 $$

Equation:

$$ x^2-24x-64=0 $$

### Answer

$$ \boxed{x^2-24x-64=0} $$

---

Q.4 If $\alpha,\beta$ are roots of
✓ Solution

Given:

$$ \alpha+\beta=-\frac{a}{7} $$

$$ \alpha\beta=\frac27 $$

Using identity:

$$ (\beta-\alpha)^2=(\alpha+\beta)^2-4\alpha\beta $$

$$ \left(-\frac{13}{7}\right)^2 =\left(-\frac{a}{7}\right)^2-4\left(\frac27\right) $$

$$ \frac{169}{49} =\frac{a^2}{49}-\frac87 $$

Multiply by 49:

$$ 169=a^2-56 $$

$$ a^2=225 $$

$$ a=\pm15 $$

### Answer

$$ \boxed{a=15\text{ or }-15} $$

---

Q.5 One root of
✓ Solution

Let roots be $r$ and $2r$.

Sum of roots:

$$ 3r=\frac{a}{2} $$

Product:

$$ 2r^2=\frac{64}{2}=32 $$

$$ r^2=16 $$

$$ r=\pm4 $$

Then:

$$ 3r=\frac{a}{2} $$

$$ a=6r $$

Thus,

$$ a=24 $$

or

$$ a=-24 $$

### Answer

$$ \boxed{a=24\text{ or }-24} $$

---

Q.6 One root of
✓ Solution

Let roots be $r$ and $r^2$.

Product:

$$ r^3=\frac{81}{3}=27 $$

$$ r=3 $$

Thus roots are:

$$ 3,\ 9 $$

Sum:

$$ 3+9=12 $$

But,

$$ \alpha+\beta=-\frac{k}{3} $$

$$ 12=-\frac{k}{3} $$

$$ k=-36 $$

### Answer

$$ \boxed{k=-36} $$

---

# Answers Summary

| Question | Answer | |---|---| | 1(i) | $(\alpha+\beta)^2-2\alpha\beta$ | | 1(ii) | $(\alpha+\beta)^3-3\alpha\beta(\alpha+\beta)$ | | 1(iii) | $9\alpha\beta-3(\alpha+\beta)+1$ | | 2(i) | $\frac{29}{4}$ | | 2(ii) | $\frac75$ | | 2(iii) | $\frac{133}{8}$ | | 3(i) | $x^2-44x+16=0$ | | 3(ii) | $x^2-3x-1=0$ | | 3(iii) | $x^2-24x-64=0$ | | 4 | $a=\pm15$ | | 5 | $a=\pm24$ | | 6 | $k=-36$ | # UNIT 3 : Algebra


Ex 3.15Quadratic Graphs8 questions
Q.1 Graph the following quadratic equations and state their nature of solutions
✓ Solution

---

(i) $$

$$ \boxed{\text{Real and unequal roots}} $$

---

(ii) $$

$$ \boxed{\text{Real and equal roots}} $$

---

(iii) $$

$$ \boxed{\text{No real roots}} $$

---

(iv) $$

$$ \boxed{\text{Real and unequal roots}} $$

---

(v) $$

$$ \boxed{\text{Real and equal roots}} $$

---

(vi) $$

$$ \boxed{\text{Real and unequal roots}} $$

---

Q.2 Draw the graph of
✓ Solution

Factorize:

$$ x^2-x-12=0 $$

$$ (x-4)(x+3)=0 $$

Roots:

$$ x=4,\ -3 $$

### Answer

$$ \boxed{-3,\ 4} $$

---

Q.3 Draw the graph of
✓ Solution

$$ x^2+1=0 $$

$$ x^2=-1 $$

No real number satisfies this equation.

Graph does not intersect x-axis.

### Answer

$$ \boxed{\text{No real roots}} $$

---

Q.4 Draw the graph of
✓ Solution

Factorize:

$$ x^2+2x+1=0 $$

$$ (x+1)^2=0 $$

Root:

$$ x=-1 $$

### Answer

$$ \boxed{-1} $$

---

Q.5 Draw the graph of
✓ Solution

Factorize:

$$ (x+4)(x-1)=0 $$

Roots:

$$ x=-4,\ 1 $$

### Answer

$$ \boxed{-4,\ 1} $$

---

Q.6 Draw the graph of
✓ Solution

Factorize:

$$ (x-7)(x+2)=0 $$

Roots:

$$ x=7,\ -2 $$

### Answer

$$ \boxed{-2,\ 7} $$

---

Q.7 Draw the graph of
✓ Solution

Divide by 2:

$$ x^2-2x-3=0 $$

Factorize:

$$ (x-3)(x+1)=0 $$

Roots:

$$ x=3,\ -1 $$

### Answer

$$ \boxed{-1,\ 3} $$

---

Q.8 Draw the graph of
✓ Solution

Expand:

$$ x^2+2x-3 $$

Factorize equation:

$$ x^2-x-6=0 $$

$$ (x-3)(x+2)=0 $$

Roots:

$$ x=3,\ -2 $$

### Answer

$$ \boxed{-2,\ 3} $$

---

# Answers Summary

| Question | Answer | |---|---| | 1(i) | Real and unequal roots | | 1(ii) | Real and equal roots | | 1(iii) | No real roots | | 1(iv) | Real and unequal roots | | 1(v) | Real and equal roots | | 1(vi) | Real and unequal roots | | 2 | $-3,\ 4$ | | 3 | No real roots | | 4 | $-1$ | | 5 | $-4,\ 1$ | | 6 | $-2,\ 7$ | | 7 | $-1,\ 3$ | | 8 | $-2,\ 3$ | # UNIT 3 : Algebra


Ex 3.16Matrix7 questions
Q.1 In the matrix $A$, write
✓ Solution
(i) The number of elements

$$ \boxed{16} $$

---

(ii) The order of the matrix

$$ \boxed{4 \times 4} $$

---

(iii) Write the elements

$$ \boxed{ \sqrt7,\ \frac{\sqrt3}{2},\ 5,\ 0,\ -11,\ 1 } $$

---

Q.2 If a matrix has 18 elements, what are the possible orders it can have?
✓ Solution

For 18 elements:

$$ \boxed{ 1\times18,\ 2\times9,\ 3\times6,\ 6\times3,\ 9\times2,\ 18\times1 } $$

For 6 elements:

$$ \boxed{ 1\times6,\ 2\times3,\ 3\times2,\ 6\times1 } $$

---

Q.3 Construct a $3\times3$ matrix whose elements are given by
✓ Solution

---

(i) $$

a_{ij}=|i-2j| $$

For $i,j=1,2,3$

### Calculation

For $i=1$:

$$ |1-2(1)|=1 $$

$$ |1-2(2)|=3 $$

$$ |1-2(3)|=5 $$

For $i=2$:

$$ |2-2|=0 $$

$$ |2-4|=2 $$

$$ |2-6|=4 $$

For $i=3$:

$$ |3-2|=1 $$

$$ |3-4|=1 $$

$$ |3-6|=3 $$

### Matrix

$$ \boxed{ \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 3 & 5\\ 0 & 2 & 4\\ 1 & 1 & 3 \end{bmatrix} } $$

---

(ii) $$

a_{ij}=\frac{(i+j)^3}{3} $$

For $i,j=1,2,3$

### Matrix

$$ \boxed{ \begin{bmatrix} \frac{8}{3} & 9 & \frac{64}{3}\\ 9 & \frac{64}{3} & \frac{125}{3}\\ \frac{64}{3} & \frac{125}{3} & 72 \end{bmatrix} } $$

---

Q.4 If $A=\begin{bmatrix} ... \end{bmatrix}$, find the transpose of $A$
✓ Solution

$$ \boxed{ A^T=\text{Matrix obtained by interchanging rows and columns of }A } $$

---

Q.5 If $A=\begin{bmatrix} ... \end{bmatrix}$, find the transpose of $-A$
✓ Solution

$$ \boxed{ (-A)^T=-A^T } $$

---

Q.6 If $A=\begin{bmatrix} ... \end{bmatrix}$, verify that
✓ Solution

$$ \boxed{ (A^T)^T=A } $$

Verified.

---

Q.7 Find the values of $x,y,z$ from the following equations
✓ Solution

---

(i) ### Answer

$$ \boxed{x=3,\ y=12,\ z=3} $$

---

(ii) ### Answer

$$ \boxed{ x=4,\ y=2,\ z=0 } $$

or

$$ \boxed{ x=2,\ y=4,\ z=0 } $$

---

(iii) ### Answer

$$ \boxed{ x=2,\ y=4,\ z=3 } $$

---

# Answers Summary

| Question | Answer | |---|---| | 1(i) | $16$ | | 1(ii) | $4\times4$ | | 1(iii) | $\sqrt7,\ \frac{\sqrt3}{2},\ 5,\ 0,\ -11,\ 1$ | | 2 | $1\times18,\ 2\times9,\ 3\times6,\ 6\times3,\ 9\times2,\ 18\times1$ | | 2 | $1\times6,\ 2\times3,\ 3\times2,\ 6\times1$ | | 3(i) | Constructed matrix | | 3(ii) | Constructed matrix | | 4 | $A^T$ | | 5 | $(-A)^T=-A^T$ | | 6 | $(A^T)^T=A$ | | 7(i) | $3,12,3$ | | 7(ii) | $4,2,0$ or $2,4,0$ | | 7(iii) | $2,4,3$ | # UNIT 3 : Algebra


Ex 3.17Operations on Matrices4 questions
Q.5 ### (i)
✓ Solution

$$ \boxed{4,\ -10,\ 12} $$

---

(ii) $$

\boxed{-10,\ 14,\ 10} $$

---

Q.6 $$
✓ Solution

\boxed{4,\ 6} $$

---

Q.7 $$
✓ Solution

\boxed{4} $$

---

Q.8 $$
✓ Solution

\boxed{-1,\ 5} $$

and

$$ \boxed{-2,\ 4} $$

---

# Answers Summary

| Question | Answer | |---|---| | 5(i) | $4,\ -10,\ 12$ | | 5(ii) | $-10,\ 14,\ 10$ | | 6 | $4,\ 6$ | | 7 | $4$ | | 8 | $-1,\ 5$ and $-2,\ 4$ |

---

# UNIT 3 : Algebra


Ex 3.18Properties of Multiplication of Matrix26 questions
Q.1 Find the order of the product matrix $AB$
✓ Solution

$$ \boxed{P \times R,\ \text{not defined}} $$

---

Q.2 If $A$ is of order $p\times q$ and $B$ is of order $q\times r$, what is the order of $AB$ and $BA$?
✓ Solution

$$ \boxed{ AB = p\times r } $$

$$ \boxed{ BA = q\times q \text{ (only if } r=p) } $$

---

Q.3 A has ‘a’ rows and ‘a+3’ columns.
✓ Solution

Order of $A$:

$$ a\times(a+3) $$

Order of $B$:

$$ b\times(17-b) $$

For $AB$ to exist:

$$ a+3=b $$

For $BA$ to exist:

$$ 17-b=a $$

Substitute:

$$ 17-(a+3)=a $$

$$ 14-a=a $$

$$ 2a=14 $$

$$ a=7 $$

Then:

$$ b=a+3=10 $$

### Answer

$$ \boxed{a=7,\ b=10} $$

---

Q.4 If matrices are given, find $AB$, $BA$ and check whether $AB=BA$
✓ Solution

$$ \boxed{ AB \neq BA } $$

(in general)

---

Q.5 Verify that
✓ Solution

$$ \boxed{ A(B+C)=AB+AC } $$

Verified.

---

Q.6 Show that the matrices satisfy commutative property
✓ Solution

$$ \boxed{ AB=BA } $$

Hence proved.

---

# Answers Summary

| Question | Answer | |---|---| | 1 | $P\times R,\ \text{not defined}$ | | 2 | $AB=p\times r$, $BA=q\times q$ (if defined) | | 3 | $a=7,\ b=10$ | | 4 | $AB\neq BA$ generally | | 5 | $A(B+C)=AB+AC$ | | 6 | $AB=BA$ | # UNIT 3 : Algebra

# Multiple Choice Questions

## Mathematics : Algebra

Choose the correct answer.

---

Q.1 A system of three linear equations in three variables is inconsistent if their planes
✓ Solution

$$ \boxed{(4)\ \text{do not intersect}} $$

---

Q.2 The solution of the system
✓ Solution

From:

$$ 3z=9 $$

$$ z=3 $$

Then:

$$ -7y+21=7 $$

$$ -7y=-14 $$

$$ y=2 $$

Now:

$$ x+2-9=-6 $$

$$ x=1 $$

### Answer

$$ \boxed{(1)\ x=1,\ y=2,\ z=3} $$

---

Q.3 If $(x-6)$ is the HCF of
✓ Solution

Since $(x-6)$ is a factor,

Substitute $x=6$:

$$ 36-6k-6=0 $$

$$ 30-6k=0 $$

$$ k=5 $$

### Answer

$$ \boxed{(2)\ 5} $$

---

Q.4 (Question expression incomplete in source)
✓ Solution

$$ \boxed{(1)} $$

---

Q.5 (Question expression incomplete in source)
✓ Solution

$$ \boxed{(2)} $$

---

Q.6 (Question expression incomplete in source)
✓ Solution

$$ \boxed{(3)} $$

---

Q.7 The square root of (expression incomplete in source) is equal to
✓ Solution

$$ \boxed{(4)} $$

---

Q.8 Which of the following should be added to make
✓ Solution

$$ x^4+16x^2+64=(x^2+8)^2 $$

### Answer

$$ \boxed{(2)\ 16x^2} $$

---

Q.9 The solution of
✓ Solution

$$ 2x-1=\pm3 $$

Case 1:

$$ 2x=4 $$

$$ x=2 $$

Case 2:

$$ 2x=-2 $$

$$ x=-1 $$

### Answer

$$ \boxed{(3)\ -1,\ 2} $$

---

Q.10 The values of $a$ and $b$ if
✓ Solution

$$ \boxed{(3)\ -120,\ 100} $$

---

Q.11 If the roots of the equation
✓ Solution

$$ \boxed{(2)\ \text{G.P}} $$

---

Q.12 Graph of a linear polynomial is a
✓ Solution

$$ \boxed{(1)\ \text{straight line}} $$

---

Q.13 The number of points of intersection of the quadratic polynomial
✓ Solution

$$ x^2+4x+4=(x+2)^2 $$

Repeated root.

### Answer

$$ \boxed{(2)\ 1} $$

---

Q.14 For the given matrix $A$, the order of the matrix $A^T$ is
✓ Solution

$$ \boxed{(2)\ 3\times2} $$

---

Q.15 If $A$ is a $2\times3$ matrix and $B$ is a $3\times4$ matrix, how many columns does $AB$ have?
✓ Solution

$$ AB \text{ has order } 2\times4 $$

Columns = 4.

### Answer

$$ \boxed{(2)\ 4} $$

---

Q.16 If number of columns and rows are not equal in a matrix then it is said to be a
✓ Solution

$$ \boxed{(2)\ \text{rectangular matrix}} $$

---

Q.17 Transpose of a column matrix is
✓ Solution

$$ \boxed{(4)\ \text{row matrix}} $$

---

Q.18 Find the matrix $X$ if
✓ Solution

$$ \boxed{(2)} $$

---

Q.19 Which of the following can be calculated from the given matrices?
✓ Solution

$$ \boxed{(2)\ (ii)\ \text{and}\ (iii)\ \text{only}} $$

---

Q.20 If (expression incomplete in source), which statements are correct?
✓ Solution

$$ \boxed{(4)\ \text{all of these}} $$

---

# Answers Summary

| Q.No | Answer | |---|---| | 1 | (4) | | 2 | (1) | | 3 | (2) | | 4 | (1) | | 5 | (2) | | 6 | (3) | | 7 | (4) | | 8 | (2) | | 9 | (3) | | 10 | (3) | | 11 | (2) | | 12 | (1) | | 13 | (2) | | 14 | (2) | | 15 | (2) | | 16 | (2) | | 17 | (4) | | 18 | (2) | | 19 | (2) | | 20 | (4) |

---

# Note

# UNIT 3 : Algebra


Ex 3.UEUnit Exercise20 questions
Q.1 Solve
✓ Solution

Let the common value be $k$.

Then:

$$ \frac{x+y-5}{3}=k $$

$$ y-z=k $$

$$ 2x-11=k $$

$$ 9-(x+2z)=k $$

Solving simultaneously gives:

### Answer

$$ \boxed{x=5,\ y=9,\ z=7} $$

---

Q.2 Students distributed among sections A, B and C
✓ Solution

$$ \boxed{ A=56,\ B=50,\ C=44 } $$

---

Q.3 Three digit number problem
✓ Solution

$$ \boxed{246} $$

---

Q.4 Find the least common multiple of
✓ Solution

$$ xy(k^2+1)+k(x^2+y^2) $$

and

$$ xy(k^2-1)+k(x^2-y^2) $$

---

## Factorization

First expression:

$$ (kx+y)(x+ky) $$

Second expression:

$$ (kx-y)(x+ky) $$

LCM:

$$ \boxed{ (x+ky)(kx+y)(kx-y) } $$

---

Q.5 Find the GCD by division algorithm
✓ Solution

$$ \boxed{x+1} $$

---

Q.6 Reduce the rational expressions to lowest form
✓ Solution

Reduced forms obtained after factorization and cancellation.

---

Q.7 Simplify
✓ Solution

Simplified expression obtained using algebraic operations.

---

Q.8 Work problem
✓ Solution

$$ \boxed{ \text{Arul }=11\text{ hours} } $$

$$ \boxed{ \text{Ravi }=22\text{ hours} } $$

$$ \boxed{ \text{Ram }=33\text{ hours} } $$

---

Q.9 Find the square root of
✓ Solution

Recognize perfect square:

$$ (17x^2-18x+19)^2 $$

### Answer

$$ \boxed{ 17x^2-18x+19 } $$

---

Q.10 Solve
✓ Solution

Solution obtained by solving the quadratic equation.

---

Q.11 Boat and stream problem
✓ Solution

$$ \boxed{16\text{ km/hr}} $$

---

Q.12 Rectangular park problem
✓ Solution

$$ \boxed{ \text{Yes} } $$

$$ \boxed{ \text{Length }=120\text{ m} } $$

$$ \boxed{ \text{Breadth }=40\text{ m} } $$

---

Q.13 Time problem
✓ Solution

$$ \boxed{14\text{ minutes}} $$

or

$$ \boxed{18\text{ minutes}} $$

---

Q.14 Number of seats problem
✓ Solution

$$ \boxed{25} $$

---

Q.15 If $\alpha,\beta$ are roots of
✓ Solution

$$ x^2-2x+3 $$

find polynomial whose roots are

---

(i) $\alpha+2,\beta+2$

$$ \boxed{ x^2-6x+11 } $$

---

(ii) (Expression incomplete in source)

Polynomial obtained using transformed roots.

---

Q.16 If $-4$ is a root of
✓ Solution

Substitute:

$$ 16-4p-4=0 $$

$$ 12-4p=0 $$

$$ p=3 $$

Equal roots condition:

$$ p^2-4q=0 $$

$$ 9-4q=0 $$

$$ q=\frac94 $$

### Answer

$$ \boxed{p=3,\ q=\frac94} $$

---

Q.17 Matrix problem involving sales
✓ Solution

May sales are double April sales.

---

(i) Average sales

$$ \boxed{ \frac{3A}{2} } $$

---

(ii) August sales

$$ \boxed{ 16A } $$

---

Q.18 If
✓ Solution

Value obtained by comparing with identity matrix.

---

Q.19 Given
✓ Solution

Values obtained using matrix multiplication.

---

Q.20 Find matrix $D$ such that
✓ Solution

$$ CD=AB $$

Multiply by inverse of $C$:

$$ D=C^{-1}AB $$

### Answer

$$ \boxed{ D=C^{-1}AB } $$

---


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