- a. Dauladabad
- b. Delhi
- c. Madurai
- d. Bidar
Ala-ud-din Khalji captured Devagiri (Daulatabad) during his southern campaigns and established it as his second stronghold after Delhi.
a
The Portuguese were the first Europeans to establish a presence on India's west coast after Vasco da Gama's voyage in 1498; they set up bases such as Goa.
Portuguese
- a. Ala-ud-din Khilji
- b. Ala-ud-din Bahman-shah
- c. Aurangzeb
- d. Malik Kafur
The independent Deccan Sultanates were finally subjugated and annexed into the Mughal Empire during the reign of Aurangzeb through his long Deccan campaigns in the late 17th century.
c
The five Deccan Sultanates (Bijapur, Golconda, Ahmadnagar, Bidar and Berar) defeated the Vijayanagara forces at the Battle of Talikota (1565), leading to the decline of Vijayanagara.
Talikota
- a. Bahmani
- b. Vijayanagar
- c. Mughal
- d. Nayak
The Vijayanagara Empire (established in the 14th century) reorganized administration, land revenue, and military institutions in South India and acted as a major political power countering northern invasions.
b
Text (Unit 7) states: "Perhaps because the new kingdom was threatened from the beginning by the hostility of the Bahmani Sultanate in the north, Vijayanagar evolved as a militaristic state." Fill: 'a militaristic state.'
a militaristic state
- a. Babur
- b. Humayun
- c. Akbar
- d. Shershah
Krishnadeva Raya ruled Vijayanagara from 1509 to 1529. He was a contemporary of Babur (who founded the Mughal dynasty in 1526).
a
The chapter (7.5 and related sections) states: "The Chola Period was an enterprising period when trade and the economy expanded, accompanied by urbanization." Therefore: 'the Chola period.'
the Chola period
The Chola period is described as an enterprising period in Tamil Nadu because of maritime trade, temple-building, agricultural expansion, and administrative innovations.
Chola period
Malik Kafur was the chief general of Ala-ud-din Khalji who led major southern campaigns (c. 1306–1311). Key points:
- He first led the successful expedition against Devagiri (Yadava kingdom) and secured tribute.
- He then campaigned against the Kakatiyas (Warangal), Hoysalas (Dwarasamudra), and the Pandyas (Madurai), extracting large amounts of wealth and tribute.
- His expeditions extended Delhi Sultanate influence into peninsular India and brought back enormous booty, including temple treasures.
- These campaigns established political suzerainty of the Sultanate over several southern kingdoms though direct administration was limited.
Concise summary provided in solution.
Major political changes (1526–1707):
- Establishment and consolidation of the Mughal Empire: Babur (1526) founded the Mughal dynasty; Humayun struggled and briefly lost power; Akbar (1556–1605) consolidated and expanded the empire.
- Administrative reforms and centralisation under Akbar: provincial administration, mansabdari system, standardized revenue and military organization.
- Continued expansion under Jahangir and Shah Jahan; flourishing central authority and architecture.
- Aurangzeb (1658–1707) expanded empire to its greatest territorial extent, especially in the Deccan, but his long campaigns weakened central control.
- By 1707 regional powers (Marathas, Sikhs, Nizam of Hyderabad, Bengal nawabs) grew stronger, marking the start of decentralization and the eventual decline of Mughal authority.
Concise summary provided in solution.
The Vijayanagar Kingdom was founded around 1336 by Harihara I and Bukka Raya I (founders of the Sangama dynasty). Later ruling dynasties included the Sangama, Saluva, Tuluva (under whom Krishnadeva Raya ruled), and the Aravidu (Araveedu) dynasty.
Founded by Harihara I and Bukka Raya I (Sangama dynasty). Dynasties: Sangama, Saluva, Tuluva, Aravidu.
Key commercial developments:
- Expansion of internal and international trade: active maritime trade with West Asia, Southeast Asia and later Europe; major ports (Calicut, Cambay, Masulipatnam, Quilon).
- Growth of towns and market centres with specialized crafts and marketplaces.
- Development of trade organizations and guilds (shrenis), merchant communities (like Gujaratis, Marwaris, Chettiars).
- Increasing use of coinage and credit instruments; emergence of moneylenders and bankers.
- Production and export of textiles (cotton, silk), spices, sandalwood and other commodities; rise of commercial crops.
- Arrival of European traders (Portuguese, Dutch, English) which altered trade patterns from the 16th century onward.
Concise summary provided in solution.
Two natural advantages: (1) A climate and soils suitable for growing various types of cotton, ensuring raw-material availability; (2) A long-established tradition of skilled weavers and artisans, with techniques and knowledge passed down over generations.
Favourable climate/soil for cotton growth and abundant skilled craftsmen (long tradition of weaving).
The Chola period was enterprising because:
- Maritime trade and naval power: Cholas undertook overseas expeditions and trade with Southeast Asia (Sri Vijaya), boosting commerce.
- Agricultural expansion: Improved irrigation and land clearance increased agricultural output.
- Temple economy and patronage: Construction of large temples that became economic and social centres fostering crafts and markets.
- Administration and revenue: Efficient local administration and revenue systems supported state activities.
- Cultural achievements: Patronage of art, literature and architecture enhanced cultural reach and influence.
Concise summary provided in solution.
Main factors facilitating urbanization:
- Expansion of trade (internal and external) and emergence of market towns.
- Agricultural surplus that supported non-farming populations.
- Growth of craft production and organized artisan guilds.
- Political stability and patronage from states that encouraged towns and markets.
- Development of transport networks and ports linking inland and maritime trade.
Factors include growth of trade and markets, agricultural surplus, craft production and guilds, political stability, and development of transport/ports.
Notable Chola monumental structures: the Brihadeeswarar Temple at Thanjavur (Tanjore), the Gangaikonda Cholapuram temple, and the Airavatesvara Temple at Darasuram — all large stone temples exemplifying Chola architectural achievement.
Brihadeeswarar Temple (Thanjavur), Airavatesvara Temple (Darasuram), Gangaikonda Cholapuram Temple.
The OCR mixed the pairs. Correct matches are:
1. Portuguese — Goa
2. Tansen — Court of Akbar
3. Sericulture — Bengal
4. Angkor Wat — Cambodia
5. District — Kottam (Kottam is a local administrative unit, corresponding to 'district' in the given list.)
| # | Correct match |
|---|---|
| 1 | Goa |
| 2 | Court of Akbar |
| 3 | Bengal |
| 4 | Cambodia |
| 5 | Kottam |