Your Progress — Chapter 21: Health and Diseases
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MCQI. Multiple Choice Questions1 mark each
Q.1 Tobacco consumption is known to stimulate secretion of adrenaline. The component causing this could be
✓ Answer: (A)
Q.2 World 'No Tobacco Day' is observed on
✓ Answer: (A)
Q.3 Cancer cells are more easily damaged by radiations than normal cells because they are
✓ Answer: D. Undergoing rapid division
Q.4 Which type of cancer affects lymph nodes and spleen?
✓ Answer: D. Lymphoma
Q.5 Excessive consumption of alcohol leads to
✓ Answer: B. Cirrhosis of liver
Q.6 Coronary heart disease is due to
✓ Answer: D. Insufficient blood supply to heart muscles
Q.7 Cancer of the epithelial cells is called
✓ Answer: C. Carcinoma
Q.8 Metastasis is associated with
✓ Answer: (A)
Q.9 Polyphagia is a condition seen in
✓ Answer: B. Diabetes mellitus
Q.10 Where does alcohol effect immediately after drinking?
✓ Answer: D. Central nervous system
T/FII. True or False1 mark each
| # | Statement | Answer | Correction (if False) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | AIDS is an epidemic disease. | False | AIDS is a pandemic disease caused by HIV. |
| 2 | Cancer causing genes are called Oncogenes. | True | — |
| 3 | Obesity is characterized by tumour formation. | False | Cancer is characterized by tumour formation. |
| 4 | In leukemia both WBCs and RBCs increase in number. | False | True; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome |
| 5 | Study of cause of disease is called etiology. | True | CHD stands for Coronary Heart Disease — disease of the coronary arteries supplying the heart. |
| 6 | AIDS is not transmitted by contact with a patient’s clothes. | True | True; Non‑Insulin‑Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus) |
| 7 | Type 2 diabetes mellitus results due to insulin deficiency. | False | Type 2 diabetes mellitus results due to low activity by Insulin. |
| 8 | Carcinogens are cancer causing agents. | True | — |
| 9 | Nicotine is a narcotic drug. | False | Nicotine is an addictive stimulant found in tobacco, not a narcotic drug. |
| 10 | Cirrhosis is associated with brain disorder. | False | Cirrhosis is associated with liver disorder. |
T/FIII. True or False1 mark each
Q.1
IDDM 2. HIV 3. BMI
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✓ Answer
Hypertension: persistent high blood pressure. Hypercholesterolemia: abnormally high cholesterol level in blood. Glycosuria: presence of glucose in urine. Hyperglycemia: high blood glucose level.
Q.4
AIDS 5. CHD 6. NIDDM
▾
✓ Answer
Cancer cells have a large nucleus, often with an increased nucleus-to-cytoplasm ratio. Normal cells have a comparatively small, regular nucleus.
MatchIV. Match the Following1 mark each
| Column A | Column B |
|---|---|
| Sarcoma | Connective tissue cancer |
| Carcinoma | Stomach cancer |
| Polydipsia | Excessive thirst |
| Polyphagia | Excessive hunger |
| Myocardial Infarction | Lack of blood flow to heart muscle |
FillV. Fill in the Blanks2 marks each
| # | Statement (Answer in bold) |
|---|---|
| 1 | Cirrhosis is caused in liver due to excessive use of Alcohol |
| 2 | A highly poisonous chemicals derived from tobacco is Nicotine |
| 3 | Blood cancer is called Leukemia. |
| 4 | Less response of a drug to a specific dose with repeated use is called tolerance |
| 5 | Insulin resistance is a condition in Type II diabetes mellitus |
ShortVI. Short Answer Questions2 marks each
Q.2
Chemotherapy: Chemicals :: Radiation therapy: __________
▾
✓ Answer
Radiation.
Q.3
Hypertension: Hypercholesterolemia: Glycosuria: Hyperglycemia
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✓ Answer
Hypertension: persistent high blood pressure. Hypercholesterolemia: abnormally high cholesterol level in blood. Glycosuria: presence of glucose in urine. Hyperglycemia: high blood glucose level.
HOTIX. Higher Order Thinking3 marks each
Q.1
What are psychotropic drugs ?
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✓ Answer
(i) There are certain drugs called psychotropic drugs which act on the brain and alter the behaviour, consciousness, power of thinking and perception.
(ii) They are referred as mood altering drugs.
(ii) They are referred as mood altering drugs.
Q.2
Mention the diseases caused by tobacco smoke.
▾
✓ Answer
Diseases caused by tobacco smoke include: chronic bronchitis, emphysema (COPD), lung cancer, oral and throat cancers, coronary heart disease and stroke (cardiovascular diseases), and it increases risk of pulmonary tuberculosis and peptic ulcers.
Q.3
What are the contributing factors for Obesity?
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✓ Answer
Genetic factors, Physical inactivity, Eating habits, Endocrine factors.
Q.4
What is adult onset diabetes?
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✓ Answer
Adult-onset diabetes is Type II (non–insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus — a metabolic disorder usually of middle-aged/older people caused mainly by insulin resistance and/or reduced insulin secretion, leading to high blood glucose.
Q.5
What is metastasis?
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✓ Answer
(i) The cancerous cells migrate to distant parts of the body and affect new tissues.
(ii) This process is called metastasis.
(ii) This process is called metastasis.
Q.6
How does insulin deficiency occur?
▾
✓ Answer
Type I (insulin-dependent): Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic β-cells → absolute insulin deficiency → hyperglycaemia. Type II (non–insulin-dependent): Target tissues develop insulin resistance; insulin secretion may be normal or elevated initially, but β-cell dysfunction can cause a relative insulin deficiency over time.
ShortVI. Short Answer Questions2 marks each
Q.1
What are the various routes by which transmission of human immuno deficiency virus takes place ?
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✓ Answer
HIV is transmitted by: (1) Unprotected sexual contact with an infected person. (2) Sharing contaminated needles/syringes or injecting equipment. (3) Transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products and organ/tissue transplants. (4) From an infected mother to her child during pregnancy (through placenta), during childbirth, and through breastfeeding. (5) Occupational exposure (needlestick injuries).
Q.2
How is a cancer cell different from a normal cell ?
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✓ Answer
Cancer cell: uncontrolled cell division, irregular shape and size, large/irregular nucleus, loss of specialised function, can invade nearby tissues and metastasize. Normal cell: controlled division, regular shape and size, normal small nucleus, specialised functions, do not invade other tissues.
Q.1
The size of the nucleus is large. : 1. They have normal small sized nucleus.
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✓ Answer
Cancer cells have a large nucleus, often with an increased nucleus-to-cytoplasm ratio. Normal cells have a comparatively small, regular nucleus.
Q.2
The nucleoli are very prominent. : 2. The nucleoli are less prominent.
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✓ Answer
Cancer cells — nucleoli very prominent; Normal cells — nucleoli less prominent.
Q.3
They can multiply indefinitely. : 3. They have fixed rate of multiplication.
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✓ Answer
Cancer cells — can multiply indefinitely; Normal cells — have a controlled/fixed rate of multiplication.
Q.4
They invade surrounding tissues. : 4. They do not invade surrounding tissues.
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✓ Answer
Cancer cells — invade surrounding tissues (and may metastasize); Normal cells — do not invade surrounding tissues.
Q.5
They remains less differentiated. : 5. They are well differentiated cells.
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✓ Answer
Cancer cells — less differentiated (anaplastic); Normal cells — well differentiated.
Q.3
Differentiate between Type-1 and Type-2 diabetes mellitus
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✓ Answer
Factors : Type I - Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) : Type II - Non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM)
Prevalence : 10 - 20% : 80 - 90%
Age of Onset : Juvenile onset (< 20 years) : Maturity onset (> 30 years)
Body weight : Normal or Underweight : Obese
Defect : Insulin deficiency due to destruction of (\beta -cells : Target cells do not respond to insulin
Treatment : Insulin administration is necessary : Can be controlled by diet, exercise and medicine.
Prevalence : 10 - 20% : 80 - 90%
Age of Onset : Juvenile onset (< 20 years) : Maturity onset (> 30 years)
Body weight : Normal or Underweight : Obese
Defect : Insulin deficiency due to destruction of (\beta -cells : Target cells do not respond to insulin
Treatment : Insulin administration is necessary : Can be controlled by diet, exercise and medicine.
Q.4
Why is a dietary restriction recommended for an obese individual ?
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✓ Answer
Eating habits are a major cause for obesity (overeating).
(i) Diet Management : Low calorie, normal protein, vitamins and mineral, restricted carbohydrate and fat, high fiber diet can prevent overweight.
(ii) Calorie restriction for weight reduction is safe and most effective.
(i) Diet Management : Low calorie, normal protein, vitamins and mineral, restricted carbohydrate and fat, high fiber diet can prevent overweight.
(ii) Calorie restriction for weight reduction is safe and most effective.
Q.5
What precautions can be taken for preventing heart diseases ?
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✓ Answer
Diet: reduce total calories if overweight; limit saturated fats and trans fats and dietary cholesterol; include moderate polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fats; reduce salt (sodium); eat more fruits, vegetables, whole grains and dietary fiber. Lifestyle: regular physical activity (daily exercise/walking), maintain healthy weight. Avoid smoking and excessive alcohol. Regular medical checkups to monitor blood pressure and blood cholesterol.
MCQI. Multiple Choice Questions1 mark each
Q.11 Suggest measures to overcome the problems of an alcoholic.
Options not available — refer to textbook.
Answer (summary):
- Education and counselling to address causes and stress.
- Channel into healthy activities (sports, music, yoga).
- Family and peer support to share difficulties and encourage recovery.
- Medical and psychological assistance where needed.
- Alcohol de-addiction and rehabilitation programmes.
Q.12 Changes in lifestyle is a risk factor for occurrence of cardiovascular diseases. Can it be modified? If yes, suggest measures for prevention.
Options not available — refer to textbook.
Answer (summary):
- Yes. Modify lifestyle by eating a healthy diet low in saturated fat and cholesterol, increasing physical activity, maintaining healthy weight, avoiding smoking and excessive alcohol, reducing stress, and getting regular medical checks for blood pressure and cholesterol.
Q.13 What is the role of fat in the cause of atherosclerosis?
Options not available — refer to textbook.
Answer (summary):
- Fatty substances such as cholesterol are deposited in artery walls, forming fatty streaks and fibrous plaques.
- Plaque buildup narrows arteries (atherosclerosis), reducing blood flow to organs such as the heart.
- Reduced blood flow can cause ischemia and may lead to myocardial infarction.
Q.14 Eating junk food and consuming soft drinks results in health problems like obesity. What suggestions would you give to avoid children eating junk food/consuming soft drinks?
Options not available — refer to textbook.
Answer (summary):
- Provide healthy snacks from early childhood to develop tastes for them.
- Offer fresh fruit juices or water instead of soft drinks; parents should model this behaviour.
- Teach children the harmful effects of junk food and involve schools to promote healthy snacks.
- Reduce exposure to junk-food advertising and peer pressure where possible.
Q.15 Regular physical exercise is advisable for normal functioning of human body. What are the advantages of practising exercise in daily life?
Options not available — refer to textbook.
Answer (summary):
- Helps burn calories and reduce or prevent obesity.
- Reduces stress and anxiety through beneficial brain chemistry changes.
- Increases overall energy levels and stamina.
- Improves muscle and bone strength.
- Helps prevent chronic diseases and can improve mood, reducing depression risk.
Q.16 A leading weekly magazine has recently published a survey analysis which says that number of AIDS patients in the country is increasing day by day. The report says that the awareness among the people about AIDS is still very poor. You are discussing the magazine report in your class and a team of your class decides to help people to fight against the dreadful disease. (A) What problems will you face when trying to educate the people in the village near your school? (B) How will you overcome those problems?
Answer (summary):
- Problems you may face: Lack of knowledge and misconceptions about AIDS/HIV; social stigma and discrimination making people unwilling to discuss; cultural or religious taboos; low literacy levels; distrust of outsiders; language barriers; limited access to media or meeting places; indifference or fatalism; myths (e.g., AIDS spreads by casual contact).
- Ways to overcome them: Organise awareness programmes in the local language using simple, non‑technical terms; involve community leaders, teachers and health workers to build trust; use posters, skits, role plays and audiovisual materials suitable for low literacy audiences; hold small group discussions and Q&A sessions to dispel myths; provide confidential counselling and information on prevention (safe sex, needle safety); link with local health centres for testing and support; be sensitive to local customs and avoid blaming; run repeated sessions and school‑based education to reach young people.
Q.1 Once a person starts taking drugs or alcohol it is difficult to get rid of the habit. Why ? Persons who consume these drugs become fully dependent on them. They cannot live without drugs. This condition is referred as drug dependence. Physical and mental dependence: Dependence on the drug for normal condition of well being and to maintain physiological state. Psychological dependence : Feel that drugs help them to reduce stress.
Options not available — refer to textbook.
✓ Answer: C. Assertion is false, Reason is true.
Q.2 Men addicted to tobacco lead to oxygen deficiency in their body. What could be the possible reason? (i) Smoking can lead to inflammation of lung alveoli and decrease the surface area for gas exchange. (ii) Carbon monoxide of tobacco smoke binds to Haemoglobin of RBC and decreases its. Oxygen carrying capacity causing hypoxia in body tissues. (iii) Therefore men addicted to tobacco will suffer from oxygen deficiency in their body.
Options not available — refer to textbook.
✓ Answer: (—)
Q.19 Name any three foods that should be included and any three foods that should be avoided in the diet of a diabetic patient. Why should this recommendation be followed?
Options not available — refer to textbook.
Include: whole grains, green leafy vegetables, pulses/legumes — these provide fibre and protein and have slower impact on blood glucose.
Avoid or limit: sweets and sugary drinks (including sweetened fruit juices), refined grains and other high‑glycaemic carbohydrates — these raise blood glucose quickly.
Why: Carbohydrates are broken down to glucose; foods high in simple/refined carbs cause rapid increases in blood sugar. Foods high in fibre and protein slow digestion and help control post‑meal blood glucose.
Q.4 How can informational efforts change people’s HIV knowledge and behaviour? Efforts to share information about AIDS include : (i) Creating awareness by campaign and educating people on the consequences of AIDS. (ii) Helping people to gain knowledge about the causes and risk factors regarding the disease. Thus will help them to prevent the spread of the disease by (i) Screening of blood from blood banks before transfusion. (ii) Ensuring that only disposable needles and syringes are used in hospitals and clinics. (iii) Advocating measures for safe sex. XII. Assertion and Reasoning In each of the following questions, a statement of Assertion is given and a corresponding statement of Reason is given just below it. Of statements given below mark the correct answer as
✓ Answer: (A)
Q.21 Assertion: All drugs act on the brain. Reason: Drugs disturb the functioning of the body and mind. (Choose the correct option: A – both A and R true and R explains A; B – both true but R does not explain A; C – A false R true; D – A true R false.)
Options not available — refer to textbook.
Answer: C. Assertion is false; Reason is true.
Explanation: Not all drugs act on the brain (many act peripherally). The Reason is true in general — drugs can disturb body and mind — but it does not make the Assertion correct.
Q.22 Assertion: Excretion of excess glucose in urine is observed in a person with diabetes mellitus. Reason: Pancreas is unable to produce sufficient quantity of insulin. (Choose the correct option: A – both A and R true and R explains A; B – both true but R does not explain A; C – A false R true; D – A true R false.)
Answer: A. Both Assertion and Reason are true, and the Reason explains the Assertion.
Explanation: Insufficient insulin (or impaired insulin action) leads to high blood glucose; when blood glucose exceeds the renal threshold, excess glucose is excreted in urine.
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