Options:
- (H_2)
- (O_2)
- (CO_2)
Answer:
- citric acid
- ascorbic acid
Answer:
Citric acid
Orange also contains ascorbic acid, but the characteristic organic acid in orange is citric acid.
Answer: Inorganic acids
- green
- red
- orange
Answer:
Red
- (NO_2)
- (SO_2)
- (CO_2)
Answer:
Answer: Blue
Organic Acids
Acids present in plants and animals.
Examples:
- Citric acid
- Acetic acid
- Lactic acid
Inorganic Acids
Acids obtained from rocks and minerals.
Examples:
- Hydrochloric acid
- Sulphuric acid
- Nitric acid
Sulphuric Acid ((H_2SO_4))
- Called King of Chemicals
- Used in batteries
- Used in manufacture of chemicals
Hydrochloric Acid ((HCl))
- Used as cleaning agent
Citric Acid
- Food preservative
- Effervescent salts
Nitric Acid ((HNO_3))
- Fertilizers
- Dyes
- Paints
- Explosives
Oxalic Acid
- Removes stains
- Bleaching agent
Carbonic Acid
- Used in aerated drinks
Tartaric Acid
- Used in baking powder
Answer:
Different crops require different soil pH.
| Crop | Preferred Soil |
|---|---|
| Rice | Slightly acidic (pH 5.5-6.5) |
| Sugarcane | Neutral to slightly alkaline (pH 6.0-7.5) |
| Citrus fruits | Slightly acidic (pH 5.5-6.5) |
Soil pH affects nutrient availability and crop growth.
Aqua Regia
Mixture of:
Uses
- Dissolves gold and platinum
- Cleaning and refining gold
Uses
- Plastering fractured bones
- Making statues and casts
Acid A
Gives one hydrogen ion per molecule.
Answer:
(Hydrochloric acid)
Acid B
Gives two hydrogen ions per molecule.
Answer:
(Sulphuric acid)
King of Chemicals
Sulphuric acid
Answer:
Aqua regia is freshly prepared mixture of concentrated hydrochloric acid and concentrated nitric acid in ratio:
(a) Incorrect statement: Washing soda is used for making cakes soft. Correct statement: Baking soda, which is sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃), is used for making cakes and bread soft and spongy. When baking soda is heated during baking, it decomposes to produce carbon dioxide gas, which creates bubbles in the batter and makes the final product light and fluffy. Washing soda, on the other hand, is sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃) and is used for cleaning purposes. (b) Incorrect statement: Calcium sulphate hemihydrate is used in bleaching. Correct statement: Bleaching powder, which is calcium hypochlorite (CaOCl₂), is used in textile bleaching and water purification. Bleaching powder contains hypochlorite ions that have strong oxidizing properties, which remove color from fabrics and kill microorganisms in water.
Answer:
Reaction between acid and base producing salt and water is called neutralization.
| Hydrated Salts | Anhydrous Salts |
|---|---|
| Contain water of crystallization | Do not contain water |
| Usually coloured | Usually white or colourless |
| Lose water on heating | Absorb water from atmosphere |
| Example: (CuSO_4.5H_2O) | Example: (CuSO_4) |
Correction made:
NaCl is not best example of anhydrous salt in this context.
| Indicator | Acid | Base |
|---|---|---|
| Blue litmus | Turns red | No change |
| Red litmus | No change | Turns blue |
| Phenolphthalein | Colourless | Pink |
| Methyl orange | Red | Yellow |
Correction made:
Original answer incorrectly mentioned “pink” for acid in methyl orange test.
Sodium Hydroxide ((NaOH))
- Soap manufacture
Calcium Hydroxide ((Ca(OH)_2))
- White washing
Magnesium Hydroxide ((Mg(OH)_2))
- Antacid medicine
Ammonium Hydroxide ((NH_4OH))
- Removes grease stains
# Common Salt ((NaCl))
- Food seasoning
- Preservative
# Washing Soda ((Na_2CO_3))
- Softens hard water
- Glass and soap industry
# Baking Soda ((NaHCO_3))
- Baking powder
- Fire extinguishers
- Antacid
# Bleaching Powder ((CaOCl_2))
- Disinfectant
- Bleaching agent
# Plaster of Paris ((CaSO_4 \cdot \frac{1}{2}H_2O))
- Bone plaster
- Statues
Sulphuric acid is called the King of Chemicals because of its extensive and diverse applications in the chemical and industrial sectors. Sulphuric acid is widely used in the manufacture of numerous other chemicals and industrial products, making it one of the most important chemicals in the world. It is used in the production of fertilizers, particularly in the manufacture of superphosphate fertilizers. Sulphuric acid is also essential in the refining of petroleum, the production of dyes and pigments, the manufacture of explosives, and in metal processing industries. Additionally, it is used in the production of plastics, synthetic fibers, and many other organic and inorganic compounds. The sheer volume of sulphuric acid produced and consumed globally, combined with its critical role in numerous industrial processes, justifies its designation as the King of Chemicals. Without sulphuric acid, modern industrial production would be severely hampered, making it indispensable to the chemical industry.
Electrical Conductivity of Acids
Observation:
Bulb glows in:
- Hydrochloric acid
- Sulphuric acid
Bulb does not glow in:
- Glucose solution
- Alcohol solution
Conclusion:
Acids ionize in water and conduct electricity.
Litmus and Indicator Test
| Substance | Blue Litmus | Red Litmus | Phenolphthalein | Methyl Orange |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acid | Red | No change | Colourless | Red |
| Base | No change | Blue | Pink | Yellow |
Water of Crystallization
Examples:
| Salt | Water of Crystallization |
|---|---|
| (CuSO_4 \cdot 5H_2O) | 5 |
| (Na_2CO_3 \cdot 10H_2O) | 10 |
| (CaSO_4 \cdot \frac{1}{2}H_2O) | 1/2 |
Deposits After Evaporation
Observation:
White deposits remain after boiling groundwater.
Conclusion:
Groundwater contains dissolved salts.
# Important Summary
Acids
- Sour taste
- Turn blue litmus red
Bases
- Bitter and soapy
- Turn red litmus blue
Salts
Products of acid-base reactions.
Neutralization
pH Scale
- Acidic → below 7
- Neutral → 7
- Basic → above 7
Revise Acids, Bases and Salts faster.
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