- (a) isomerism
- (b) allotropy
- (c) catenation
- (d) crystallinity
Answer:
(b) allotropy
- (a) allotropy
- (b) isomerism
- (c) tetravalency
- (d) catenation
Answer:
(d) catenation
Carbon’s tetravalency also contributes significantly.
- (a) Polystyrene
- (b) PVC
- (c) Polypropylene
- (d) LDPE
Answer:
(c) Polypropylene
- (a) 2
- (b) 5
- (c) 6
- (d) 7
Answer:
(d) 7
Correction made:
Original answer incorrectly mentioned option (a).
- (a) diamond
- (b) fullerene
- (c) graphite
- (d) gas carbon
Answer:
(c) graphite
- (a) Forest
- (b) Wildlife
- (c) Environment
- (d) Human rights
Answer:
(c) Environment
Answer: Antoine Lavoisier
Answer: 60
Answer: isomers
Answer: Carbon disulphide
Answer: seven
| List I | List II |
|---|---|
| Alkyne | Triple bond |
| Andre Geim | Graphene |
| (C_{60}) | Bucky Ball |
| Thermocol | Polystyrene |
| Combustion | Oxidation |
| Graphite | Diamond |
|---|---|
| Each carbon forms 3 covalent bonds | Each carbon forms 4 covalent bonds |
| Soft and slippery | Extremely hard |
| Layered hexagonal structure | Tetrahedral 3D structure |
| Conducts electricity | Poor conductor of electricity |
| Opaque | Transparent |
Correction made:
Diamond conducts heat well though it is electrical insulator.
(i) n-Butane
(ii) Iso-butane (2-Methylpropane)
Carbon forms covalent compounds rather than ionic compounds because of its electron configuration and the energy requirements involved in electron transfer. Carbon has four valence electrons in its outermost shell. To form ionic compounds, carbon would need to either lose all four electrons to form a C⁴⁺ ion or gain four electrons to form a C⁴⁻ ion. Both of these processes require extremely high amounts of energy because removing or adding four electrons is energetically unfavorable. Instead, carbon achieves a stable electron configuration by sharing electrons with other atoms through covalent bonding. By sharing electrons, carbon can complete its octet and achieve the stable electron configuration of neon without requiring the enormous energy needed for complete electron transfer. This is why carbon predominantly forms covalent compounds with other elements such as hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and other carbon atoms, rather than forming ionic compounds.
Answer:
Property by which an element exists in more than one form in same physical state is called allotropy.
Examples:
- Diamond
- Graphite
- Fullerene
Answer:
- Cause environmental pollution
- Block drains and water bodies
- Harm animals and marine life
- Produce toxic chemicals
- Non-biodegradable
Examples:
- Plastic carry bags
- Cups
- Straws
- Food wrappers
Answer:
Catenation is property by which atoms of same element link together through covalent bonds.
Carbon and Catenation
- Carbon atoms bond with one another repeatedly.
- They form:
- straight chains
- branched chains
- ring structures
- This leads to enormous number of organic compounds.
Examples:
- Starch
- Cellulose
- Hydrocarbons
# (i) Oxidation / Combustion
Carbon reacts with oxygen.
Incomplete combustion:
Methane Combustion
# (ii) Reaction with Steam
Mixture formed is called:
Water Gas
# (iii) Reaction with Sulphur
(Carbon disulphide)
# (iv) Reaction with Metals
Carbon forms carbides.
Example:
(Tungsten carbide)
Correction made:
Spelling corrected from “Tungesten”.
Resin Code 2 — HDPE
- Strong
- Recyclable
- Safer plastic
Resin Code 4 — LDPE
- Flexible
- Used in carry bags
Resin Code 5 — PP (Polypropylene)
- Heat resistant
- Safer for food storage
Answer:
Carbon readily forms compounds due to:
- Catenation
- Tetravalency
- Multiple bonding
- Isomerism
- Allotropy
Hence carbon mainly occurs in combined form.
Answer:
Incomplete combustion forms carbon monoxide.
Carbon monoxide:
- binds with haemoglobin
- reduces oxygen transport
- may cause suffocation and death
# Formation of Dioxins
Dioxins form during:
- burning plastics
- industrial processes
- waste incineration
Especially when chlorine-containing materials burn.
# Linked Plastic
PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride)
# Harmful Effects
- Cancer
- Hormonal imbalance
- Immune suppression
- Reproductive disorders
- Developmental defects
Answer:
She should buy bottle with:
Resin Code 5
(Polypropylene)
Reason
- Safer plastic
- Heat resistant
- Less toxic
Why Avoid Others?
Resin Code 1
Single-use plastic.
Resin Code 3
PVC — highly toxic.
Resin Code 7
Contains polycarbonate and BPA-related plastics.
Organic and Inorganic Compounds
| Organic | Inorganic |
|---|---|
| Propane | (CO_2) |
| Kerosene | CO |
| Coconut oil | MgO |
| Perfume | (Na_2CO_3) |
| Alcohol | (CaCO_3) |
| Petrol | HCN |
| LPG |
Correction made:
PVC is organic polymer, not inorganic.
Fullerene and Football
Observation:
Football resembles Buckminster fullerene structure.
Contains:
- 12 pentagons
- 20 hexagons
Similar arrangement exists in:
(Buckminster fullerene)
# Important Summary
Allotropy
Different forms of same element.
Examples:
- Diamond
- Graphite
- Fullerene
Catenation
Self-linking property of carbon.
Isomerism
Same molecular formula, different structures.
Graphene
Single layer of graphite.
Fullerene
Spherical carbon molecule.
Safer Plastics
Resin codes:
- 2
- 4
- 5
Harmful Plastics
Resin codes:
- 3
- 6
- 7
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