- (a) (10^{-7}) metre
- (b) (10^{-8}) metre
- (c) (10^{-6}) metre
- (d) (10^{-9}) metre
Answer:
(d) (10^{-9}) metre
One nanometre is one billionth of a metre.
- (a) plant
- (b) microorganism
- (c) animal
- (d) sunlight
Answer:
(b) microorganism
- (a) antipyretic
- (b) antimalarial
- (c) antiseptic
- (d) antacid
Answer:
(c) antiseptic
- (a) oxidation
- (b) reduction
- (c) neutralisation
- (d) catenation
Answer:
(b) reduction
Cathode is the site of gain of electrons.
- (a) carbon
- (b) iodine
- (c) phosphorus
- (d) oxygen
Answer:
(a) carbon
Carbon-14 isotope is used.
- (a) Potato
- (b) Beetroot
- (c) Carrot
- (d) Turmeric
Answer:
(a) Potato
- (a) Carbohydrates
- (b) Vitamins
- (c) Proteins
- (d) Fats
Answer:
(b) Vitamins
- (a) oxidants
- (b) batteries
- (c) isotopes
- (d) nanoparticles
Answer:
(c) isotopes
- (a) isotopes
- (b) auxochrome
- (c) chromogen
- (d) chromophore
Answer:
(d) chromophore
- (a) fertilizers
- (b) pesticides
- (c) food colourants
- (d) preservatives
Answer:
(b) pesticides
Answer: Electrolytic cell
Answer: analgesics
Answer: vat
Answer: Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium
Answer: Ninhydrin
| List I | List II |
|---|---|
| Antipyretics | Fever |
| Corrosion prevention | Electroplating |
| Hyperthyroidism | Iodine-131 |
| Nanoparticle | Large surface area |
| Proteins | Body building |
Answer:
Radiocarbon dating is method used to determine age of fossils and dead organisms using radioactive isotope:
(Carbon-14)
Answer:
Drugs causing temporary loss of sensation are called anaesthetics.
Types
- General anaesthetics
- Local anaesthetics
Answer:
Chemical fertilizers supply essential nutrients required for healthy plant growth.
Macronutrients:
- Nitrogen
- Phosphorus
- Potassium
Answer:
Application of chemistry in crime investigation is called forensic chemistry.
It helps in:
- fingerprint analysis
- poison detection
- blood analysis
- drug identification
# (i) Acid Dyes
- Acidic in nature
- Used for wool and silk
Examples:
- Picric acid
- Naphthol yellow-S
# (ii) Basic Dyes
Contain basic groups like:
Examples:
- Crystal violet
- Methylene blue
# (iii) Mordant Dyes
Require mordant before dyeing.
Mordants:
- Aluminium salts
- Chromium salts
- Iron salts
Example:
Alizarin
# (iv) Direct Dyes
Used directly on cotton and rayon.
Example:
Congo red
# (v) Vat Dyes
Used mainly for cotton.
Example:
Indigo
| Food Additive | Function |
|---|---|
| Preservatives | Prevent spoilage |
| Colouring agents | Improve appearance |
| Flavouring agents | Improve taste |
| Sweeteners | Add sweetness |
| Antioxidants | Prevent oxidation |
| Emulsifiers | Stabilize mixtures |
No, watch batteries cannot be recharged. Watch batteries are typically primary cells, which means they contain chemical reactions that are irreversible. Once the chemical reactants in a primary cell are consumed, the battery cannot be restored to its original state by applying an external electric current, and therefore cannot be recharged. In contrast, mobile phone batteries use secondary cells, specifically lithium-ion batteries, which contain reversible chemical reactions. The reversible nature of the chemical reactions in secondary cells allows them to be recharged multiple times by applying an external electric current, which reverses the chemical reaction and restores the battery's ability to produce electrical energy. This fundamental difference between primary and secondary cells explains why watch batteries are disposable while mobile phone batteries can be used repeatedly.
Answer:
- Antibiotic ointments → prevent infection
- Analgesics → reduce pain
- Antiseptic creams → protect wounds
Soil with a pH of 5 is acidic soil, which requires treatment to raise its pH to a more neutral level suitable for most crops. Agricultural lime, such as calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) or quicklime (CaO), should be added to the acidic soil to neutralize the excess acidity and raise the soil pH. Calcium carbonate reacts with the acidic compounds in the soil and gradually increases the pH over time, while quicklime acts more rapidly. When adding lime to acidic soil, it is important to avoid using acid-forming fertilizers such as ammonium sulphate, as these would counteract the liming process and further acidify the soil. After the soil pH has been raised to an appropriate level through liming, suitable NPK fertilizers containing nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium can be applied according to the specific nutrient requirements of the crop being grown. This approach ensures that the soil conditions are optimized for plant growth and nutrient availability.
Lemon/Potato Galvanic Cell
Aim
To construct galvanic cell using lemon or potato.
Materials Required
- Lemon or potato
- Zinc-coated nail
- Copper coin
- LED bulb
- Connecting wires
Procedure
- Insert copper coin into lemon.
- Insert zinc nail on opposite side.
- Connect both to LED using wires.
Observation
- Copper acts as cathode
- Zinc acts as anode
- Lemon juice acts as electrolyte
- LED glows
Conclusion
Chemical energy converted into electrical energy.
# Electrochemical Cell
Converts chemical energy into electrical energy.
Example:
Dry cell
# Electrolytic Cell
Converts electrical energy into chemical energy.
Example:
Electroplating
# Nanoparticles
Particles having size between:
Applications:
- Medicine
- Electronics
- Cosmetics
# Antibiotics
Substances produced by microorganisms that kill harmful bacteria.
Example:
Penicillin
# Antipyretics
Reduce fever.
Example:
Paracetamol
# Analgesics
Relieve pain.
Example:
Aspirin
# Antiseptics
Prevent microbial growth on living tissues.
Example:
Tincture iodine
Nanometre
Cathode
Reduction occurs.
Anode
Oxidation occurs.
Radiochemistry
Study of radioactive isotopes.
Ninhydrin
Used in fingerprint detection.
Indigo
Vat dye.
Electroplating
Used to prevent corrosion.
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