- (a) Carbohydrates
- (b) Proteins
- (c) Vitamins
- (d) Fats
Answer:
(c) Vitamins
- (a) James Lind
- (b) Louis Pasteur
- (c) Charles Darwin
- (d) Isaac Newton
Answer:
(a) James Lind
- (a) Freezing
- (b) Irradiation
- (c) Salting
- (d) Canning
Answer:
(b) Irradiation
- (a) 1964
- (b) 1954
- (c) 1950
- (d) 1963
Answer:
(b) 1954
- (a) Wax coating
- (b) Contaminated utensils
- (c) Moisture content in food
- (d) Synthetic preservatives
Answer:
(c) Moisture content in food
- Deficiency diseases can be prevented by taking balanced diet.
- Altering natural composition of food is called adulteration.
- Vitamin D is called sunshine vitamin.
- Dehydration is based on removal of water.
- Food should not be purchased beyond its expiry date.
- AGMARK certifies agricultural and livestock products.
If false, correct the statement.
Answer: False
Correct Statement:
Iodine is required for proper functioning of thyroid gland.
Answer: False
Correct Statement:
Vitamins are required in minute quantities.
Answer: True
Answer: True
Answer: False
Correct Statement:
ISI mark certifies industrial products.
| Mineral | Deficiency Disease |
|---|---|
| Calcium | Osteoporosis |
| Sodium | Muscular cramps |
| Potassium | Muscular fatigue |
| Iron | Anaemia |
| Iodine | Goitre |
| Abbreviation | Full Form |
|---|---|
| ISI | Indian Standards Institution |
| FPO | Fruit Products Order |
| AGMARK | Agricultural Marking |
| FCI | Food Corporation of India |
| FSSAI | Food Safety and Standards Authority of India |
Assertion: Haemoglobin contains iron.
Reason: Iron deficiency causes anaemia.
Answer:
(b) Both are true, but reason is not correct explanation.
Assertion: AGMARK is a quality control agency.
Reason: ISI is a quality symbol.
Answer:
(b) Both are true, but reason is not correct explanation.
Correction made:
Original answer incorrectly marked both false.
(a) Salt is added in pickles
Answer:
Salt removes moisture by osmosis and prevents microbial growth.
(b) Expired food should not be consumed
Answer:
Expired food may spoil and cause diseases.
(c) Calcium deficiency causes poor skeletal growth
Answer:
Calcium is essential for bones and teeth formation.
# (a) Kwashiorkor and Marasmus
| Kwashiorkor | Marasmus |
|---|---|
| Protein deficiency | Deficiency of proteins, fats and carbohydrates |
| Usually affects 1–5 years | Usually affects infants below 1 year |
| Swollen belly | Severe wasting and thin body |
# (b) Macronutrients and Micronutrients
| Macronutrients | Micronutrients |
|---|---|
| Needed in large amounts | Needed in small amounts |
| Example: Calcium, Sodium | Example: Iron, Iodine |
Correction made:
Carbohydrates, proteins and fats are also macronutrients.
Answer:
- Removes water by osmosis
- Prevents bacterial growth
- Reduces microbial activity
Used in:
- pickles
- fish
- meat
- canned foods
Answer:
Substance added to food that lowers quality or purity is called adulterant.
Answer:
- Prussic acid in apple seeds
- Marine toxins in fishes
Answer:
Sunlight exposure helps convert dehydrocholesterol in skin into Vitamin D.
| Mineral | Function |
|---|---|
| Calcium | Bone formation |
| Sodium | Fluid balance |
| Iron | Haemoglobin formation |
| Iodine | Thyroid hormone production |
# (i) Drying
- Removes moisture
- Prevents microbial growth
Examples:
- grains
- fish
- dry fruits
# (ii) Smoking
Food exposed to smoke.
Examples:
- meat
- fish
Smoke preserves food by drying effect.
Answer:
May cause:
- diarrhoea
- nausea
- allergy
- asthma
- kidney damage
- liver disorders
- cancer
Answer:
Vitamins are essential nutrients needed in small quantities for proper growth and metabolism.
# Fat-Soluble Vitamins
| Vitamin | Source | Deficiency Disease | Symptoms |
|---|---|---|---|
| Vitamin A | Carrot, milk, egg | Night blindness | Poor vision |
| Vitamin D | Sunlight, fish oil | Rickets | Weak bones |
| Vitamin E | Vegetable oil | Sterility | Muscle weakness |
| Vitamin K | Green vegetables | Delayed clotting | Excess bleeding |
# FCI (Food Corporation of India)
Functions:
- Food grain distribution
- Buffer stock maintenance
- Farmer support
- Price regulation
# Quality Control Agencies
| Agency | Role |
|---|---|
| ISI / BIS | Industrial products |
| AGMARK | Agricultural products |
| FPO | Fruit products |
| FSSAI | Food safety regulation |
(a) Process
Pasteurization
(b) Dairy Product
Milk
(c) Temperature
followed by rapid cooling.
Answer:
Leafy vegetables and dates contain iron required for haemoglobin formation.
Answer:
- Date of manufacture
- Expiry date
- FPO certification
- Ingredients
- Net weight
| Shape | Name |
|---|---|
| Spherical | Cocci |
| Rod-shaped | Bacilli |
| Spiral | Spirilla |
# In Agriculture
Biofertilizers
Examples:
- Rhizobium
- Azotobacter
- Nostoc
Biocontrol Agents
Example:
- *Bacillus thuringiensis* (Bt)
# In Industries
- Curd formation
- Fermentation
- Organic acid production
- Vitamin production
| Virus Type | Example |
|---|---|
| Plant virus | Tobacco mosaic virus |
| Animal virus | HIV, Polio virus |
| Bacteriophage | T4 bacteriophage |
Answer:
Immunization develops resistance against infectious diseases.
Vaccination protects children from serious infections.
Assertion: Chickenpox causes scars.
Reason: Rashes spread throughout body.
Answer:
(a) Both true and reason correctly explains assertion.
Assertion: Dengue can be treated by antibiotics.
Reason: Antibiotics stop viruses.
Answer:
(d) Both false
Answer:
- Maintain cleanliness
- Ensure hygiene
- Health awareness programs
- Isolate infected students
- Proper sanitation
Answer:
Tuberculosis is more dangerous because it affects lungs and other organs and may become fatal.
Symbiotic Bacteria in Root Nodules
Observation
Bacteria observed inside legume root nodules.
Example
Rhizobium
Function
Nitrogen fixation.
Dengue Mosquito Observation
Observation
*Aedes aegypti* has black body with white markings.
Why Dengue Increases After Rain?
- Stagnant water increases
- Mosquito breeding rises
# Important Summary
Balanced Diet
Contains all nutrients in correct proportion.
Macronutrients
Needed in large amounts.
Examples:
- carbohydrates
- proteins
- fats
Micronutrients
Needed in small amounts.
Examples:
- vitamins
- minerals
Food Preservation
Methods:
- drying
- salting
- smoking
- refrigeration
- pasteurization
Food Adulteration
Lowering food quality by adding harmful substances.
Vitamin D
Sunshine vitamin.
Anaemia
Caused by iron deficiency.
Goitre
Caused by iodine deficiency.
VIII. Answer very briefly:
- Distinguish between Virion and Viroid.
Answer:
Virion
- Simple virus particle.
- Grow and multiply in living cells.
Viriod
- The protein free pathogenic RNA of virus.
- Found in plant cells and causes disease in plants.
- Name the vector of the malarial parasite. Mention the species of malarial parasite which cause malignant and fatal malaria.
Answer:
Vector : Female Anopheles mosquito.
Fatal parasite: Plasmodium falciparum.
IX. Answer Briefly
- Classification of Bacteria Based on Shape
Shape Name
Spherical Cocci
Rod-shaped Bacilli
Spiral Spirilla
- Role of Microbes in Agriculture and Industry
In Agriculture
Biofertilizers
Examples:
Rhizobium
Azotobacter
Nostoc
Function
Increase soil fertility.
Biocontrol Agents
Example:
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)
Used to control pests.
In Industries
Fermentation
Wine production by yeast
Curd Formation
Lactobacillus
Organic Acid Production
Citric acid by Aspergillus niger
Vitamin Production
Yeast produces Vitamin B complex
- Types of Viruses
(i) Plant Viruses
Examples:
Tobacco mosaic virus
Potato virus
(ii) Animal Viruses
Examples:
HIV
Influenza virus
Polio virus
(iii) Bacteriophages
Viruses infecting bacteria.
Example:
T4 bacteriophage
- Importance of Immunization Schedule
Answer:
Immunization helps children develop immunity against infectious diseases.
Vaccines prevent:
polio
tuberculosis
diphtheria
measles
X. Assertion and Reason Questions
1.
Assertion: Chickenpox causes scars.
Reason: Rashes spread throughout body.
Answer:
(a) Both are true and reason correctly explains assertion.
2.
Assertion: Dengue can be treated with antibiotics.
Reason: Antibiotics stop viruses.
Answer:
(d) Both are false
Antibiotics act only against bacteria, not viruses.
XI. Higher Order Thinking Skills
- Precautions to Reduce Infectious Diseases in School
Answer:
Maintain clean surroundings
Ensure proper sanitation
Promote hand washing
Provide health awareness
Isolate infected students when necessary
- Which is More Dangerous – Typhoid or Tuberculosis?
Answer:
Tuberculosis is more dangerous because:
it mainly affects lungs
may spread to other organs
prolonged infection may become fatal
Intext Activities
Activity – 1
Observation of Symbiotic Bacteria
Aim
To observe bacteria in root nodules.
Observation
Rod-shaped bacteria observed in root nodules.
Conclusion
Symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria are present.
Activity – 2
Observation of Dengue Mosquito
Observation
Aedes aegypti has:
black body
white stripes on legs
Why Dengue Cases Increase After Rain?
Stagnant water increases
Mosquito breeding increases
Important Summary
Pathogens
Disease-causing microbes.
Infectious Diseases
Spread from person to person.
Vaccination
Develops immunity against diseases.
Vectors
Organisms transmitting pathogens.
Example:
Mosquito
Tuberculosis
Caused by:
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Dengue
Spread by:
Aedes aegypti
AIDS
Caused by:
HIV
Cholera
Caused by:
Vibrio cholerae
Malaria
Caused by:
Plasmodium
and spread by female Anopheles mosquito
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