- (a) Sublingual
- (b) Lachrymal
- (c) Submaxillary
- (d) Parotid
Answer:
(b) Lachrymal
Lachrymal gland produces tears.
- (a) carbohydrates
- (b) proteins
- (c) fats
- (d) sucrose
Answer:
(b) proteins
- (a) Epiglottis
- (b) Glottis
- (c) Hard palate
- (d) Soft palate
Answer:
(a) Epiglottis
- (a) proteins
- (b) sugar
- (c) fats
- (d) carbohydrates
Answer:
(c) fats
- (a) villi
- (b) liver
- (c) nephron
- (d) ureter
Answer:
(c) nephron
- (a) Urea
- (b) Protein
- (c) Water
- (d) Salt
Answer:
(b) Protein
- (a) ureter
- (b) urethra
- (c) vas deferens
- (d) scrotum
Answer:
(b) urethra
Correction made:
Original answer incorrectly marked vas deferens.
- (a) Ovary
- (b) Uterus
- (c) Testes
- (d) Fallopian tube
Answer:
(c) Testes
- Opening of stomach into intestine is called pylorus.
- Organ helping in mixing food with saliva is tongue.
- Bile secreted by liver is stored in gall bladder.
- Longest part of alimentary canal is ileum.
- Normal human body temperature is about 37°C.
- Largest cell in female body is ovum.
If false, correct the statement.
Answer: False
Correct Statement:
Hydrochloric acid in stomach kills microorganisms.
Answer: True
Answer: False
Correct Statement:
Glomerular filtrate normally contains water, salts, glucose, amino acids and urea but not proteins and blood cells.
Correction made:
Hormones may be present in traces; textbook expectation focuses on absence of proteins and cells.
| Organ | Elimination Product |
|---|---|
| Skin | Sweat |
| Lungs | Carbon dioxide |
| Intestine | Undigested food |
| Kidneys | Urine |
# (a) Excretion and Secretion
| Excretion | Secretion |
|---|---|
| Removal of metabolic wastes | Release of useful substances |
| Removes harmful substances | Helps body functions |
| Example: Urine | Example: Enzymes, hormones |
# (b) Absorption and Assimilation
| Absorption | Assimilation |
|---|---|
| Nutrients enter blood from intestine | Nutrients utilized by cells |
| Occurs in small intestine | Occurs in body tissues |
# (c) Ingestion and Egestion
| Ingestion | Egestion |
|---|---|
| Intake of food | Removal of undigested food |
| Beginning of digestion | End of digestion |
# (d) Diphyodont and Heterodont
| Diphyodont | Heterodont |
|---|---|
| Two sets of teeth | Different types of teeth |
| Milk teeth and permanent teeth | Incisors, canines, premolars, molars |
# (e) Incisors and Canines
| Incisors | Canines |
|---|---|
| Cutting and biting | Tearing and piercing |
| 8 in adults | 4 in adults |
Answer:
Ileum contains millions of finger-like villi.
Each villus contains:
- blood capillaries
- lacteals
These absorb digested nutrients efficiently.
Answer:
Sweat cools body by evaporation.
Sweat contains:
- water
- salts
- urea
Evaporation lowers body temperature.
Answer:
- Maintains water and salt balance
- Regulates pH of blood
- Removes nitrogenous wastes
- Maintains osmotic balance
Answer:
Expulsion of urine from urinary bladder through urethra is called micturition.
| Teeth | Function |
|---|---|
| Incisors | Cutting |
| Canines | Tearing |
| Premolars | Crushing |
| Molars | Grinding |
Answer:
Nephron is structural and functional unit of kidney.
Parts of Nephron
- Bowman’s capsule
- Glomerulus
- Proximal convoluted tubule
- Loop of Henle
- Distal convoluted tubule
- Collecting duct
Blood Supply
- Afferent arteriole enters glomerulus
- Efferent arteriole leaves glomerulus
# Parts of Alimentary Canal
- Mouth
- Buccal cavity
- Pharynx
- Oesophagus
- Stomach
- Small intestine
- Large intestine
- Rectum
- Anus
# Mouth and Buccal Cavity
- Teeth chew food
- Tongue mixes saliva
# Teeth
Humans are:
- Diphyodont
- Thecodont
- Heterodont
Dental Formula
# Salivary Glands
- Parotid
- Sublingual
- Submandibular
# Oesophagus
Food moves by:
Peristalsis
# Stomach
- J-shaped muscular organ
- Digests proteins
- Contains gastric juice and HCl
# Small Intestine
Parts:
- Duodenum
- Jejunum
- Ileum
Main site for:
- digestion
- absorption
# Liver
Largest gland.
Produces bile.
# Pancreas
Produces digestive enzymes and hormones.
# Large Intestine
Absorbs water and forms faeces.
Parts:
- Caecum
- Colon
- Rectum
# Structure of Kidney
- Bean-shaped organs
- Located on either side of vertebral column
- Right kidney slightly lower
Internal Structure
Cortex
Outer region
Medulla
Inner region
Contains renal pyramids.
Hilum
Entry point for:
- blood vessels
- nerves
- ureter
# Steps in Urine Formation
# (i) Glomerular Filtration
Blood filtered in glomerulus.
Filtrate enters Bowman’s capsule.
# (ii) Tubular Reabsorption
Useful substances reabsorbed:
- glucose
- amino acids
- water
- salts
# (iii) Tubular Secretion
Waste ions secreted into tubule.
Final urine formed.
# Path of Urine
Assertion: Urea is excreted through kidneys.
Reason: Urea is toxic.
Answer:
(a) Both are true and reason correctly explains assertion.
Assertion: Gonads perform dual functions.
Reason: Gonads are primary sex organs.
Answer:
(a) Both are true and reason correctly explains assertion.
Answer:
Protein digestion into peptides will be affected.
| Vessel | Function |
|---|---|
| Afferent arteriole | Enters glomerulus |
| Efferent arteriole | Leaves glomerulus |
Answer:
Helps diagnose:
- Diabetes
- Kidney disorders
- Liver diseases
- Urinary infections
Answer:
Water helps:
- Maintain hydration
- Regulate body temperature
- Kidney function
- Remove wastes
Answer:
They help:
- improve grip
- prevent slipping
- respond to emotional stress
| Label | Part |
|---|---|
| 1 | Fallopian tube |
| 2 | Ovary |
| 3 | Cervix |
| 4 | Uterus |
| 5 | Vagina |
Teeth and Food Habits
# Carnivores (Lion)
Teeth Features
- Sharp canines
- Sharp molars
- Used for tearing flesh
# Herbivores (Buffalo)
Teeth Features
- Broad molars
- Used for grinding plants
# Important Summary
Digestion
Breakdown of food into simple substances.
Absorption
Occurs in ileum through villi.
Excretion
Removal of nitrogenous wastes.
Kidney
Main excretory organ.
Nephron
Structural and functional unit of kidney.
Micturition
Expulsion of urine.
Human Teeth
- Diphyodont
- Thecodont
- Heterodont
Salivary Glands
- Parotid
- Sublingual
- Submandibular
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